Human and Environmental Security: An Agenda for Change (2005)(en)(320s)

291 Pages·2005·2.76 MB·English

by  Felix Dodds

Human and Environmental Security
An Agenda for Change
Edited by
Felix Dodds
and
Tim Pippard
London • Sterling, VA
First published by Earthscan in the UK and USA in 2005
Copyright © Stakeholder Forum for Our Common Future
All rights reserved
ISBN: 1-84407-214-2 paperback
1-84407-213-4 hardback
Typesetting by JS Typesetting Ltd, Porthcawl, Mid Glamorgan
Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge
The cover for this book was designed and produced by John Mould, an artist, graphic
designer and writer
Cover photograph: Nelson Syozi
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Human and environmental security: an agenda for change / edited by Felix Dodds
and Tim Pippard.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-84407-214-2 — ISBN 1-84407-213-4
1. Security, International. I. Dodds, Felix. II. Pippard, Tim.
JZ5588.H848 2005
327.1'72—dc22
2005014879
Printed on elemental chlorine-free paper
Contents
List of Figures and Boxes v
List of Contributors vi
Foreword xv
Editorial Note and Acknowledgements xix
List of Acronyms and Abbreviations xxii
Introduction 1
Celso Amorim
Part 1 Peace and Security
1 ‘A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility’ –
The Report of the High Level Panel on Threats,
Challenges and Change 7
David Hannay
2 The Peacebuilding Commission: Linking Security and
Development 17
Anders Lidén and Anna-Karin Eneström
3 Human Security and the War on Terror 27
Oliver Richmond and Jason Franks
4 Achieving Nuclear Non-proliferation: A New Zealand
Perspective 38
Marian Hobbs
5 Women, War and Peace: Mobilizing for Security and
Justice in the 21st Century 50
Noeleen Heyzer
Part 2 Sustainable Human Development
6 Globalization, Poverty and Security 71
Jan Pronk
iv Contents
7 Trade and Security in an Interconnected World 92
Hilary Benn
8 Climate Change: Emerging Insecurities 103
Melinda Kimble
9 Migration, Development and Security 115
Devyani Gupta
10 Securing a Healthier World 128
Christine K. Durbak and Claudia M. Strauss
11 Biodiversity and Security 139
Jeffrey A. McNeely
12 Food Security 152
Henrique B. Cavalcanti
13 Water Security: What Role for International Water Law? 166
Patricia Wouters
14 Urban Safety: A Collective Challenge for Sustainable
Human Settlements Development 182
Anna Tibaijuka
Part 3 Global Governance
15 America as Empire: Global Leader or Rogue Power? 199
Jim Garrison
16 The Emergence and Role of Regional Governance 209
Sabin Intxaurraga
17 Human and Environmental Rights: The Need for
Corporate Accountability 221
Hannah Griffiths
18 Reforming Environmental Governance 235
Serge Lepeltier
19 Democracy in an Uncertain World 244
Felix Dodds
Appendix 257
Index 259
List of Figures and Boxes
Figures
11.1 Ecosystem Services: The benefits people obtain from ecosystems 144
11.2 Linkages among biodiversity, ecosystem services and human
well-being 145
11.3 Key links between environmental sustainability and other goals 146
11.4 Transfrontier protected areas 147
Boxes
5.1 UNIFEM in Afghanistan 61
6.1 The Millennium Development Goals 73
7.1 Security and trade: An historical perspective 93
7.2 International trade and state failure 98
7.3 Safety on the seas 100
10.1 The tragedy of HIV/AIDS 133
13.1 Maura’s story 173
13.2 What is a lawful use? 175
14.1 Corruption in Nairobi’s informal settlements 183
14.2 Crime and violence in Jamaica 185
16.1 Environmental goals of the strategy for 2002–2020 217
19.1 Key principles and strategies of stakeholder democracy 247
List of Contributors
Celso Amorim is the Brazilian Minister of Foreign Relations, a post he has
held since 2003. This is the second time he has occupied the position, having
first served in the office from 1993–1994. He has worked as a diplomat for
nearly 40 years, and among other posts abroad he was Brazil’s permanent
representative to the United Nations (UN) and the World Trade Organization
(WTO) in Geneva from 1999 to 2001 and Brazil’s permanent representative
to the UN in New York from 1995 to 1999, as well as occupying positions in
the Organization of American States (OAS) in Washington, DC from 1973 to
1974. He taught political science and international relations at the University
of Brasília (UnB) from 1977 to 1979. After graduating from the Itamaraty’s
Rio Branco Institute (IRBr), he completed a master’s degree in international
relations at the Diplomatic Academy of Vienna in 1967, and has a doctorate in
political science from the London School of Economics. Amorim was born in
Santos (SP) in 1942, is married and has four children.
Hilary Benn has been the UK Secretary of State for International Development
since October 2003. He joined the Department for International Development
(DFID) in 2001 as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State, moved to the
Home Office as Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Community and
Custodial Provision in May 2002, before returning to DFID as Minister of State
in March 2003. He was elected as Member of Parliament for Leeds Central in
June 1999 and was a member of the Environment, Transport and the Regions
Select Committee and Vice-Chair of the Backbench Education Committee of
Labour MPs. In 1997 he was appointed as special adviser to the Rt Hon David
Blunkett, then Secretary of State for Education and Employment. In 1993,
he was appointed as Head of Research at Manufacturing, Science, Finance,
and was promoted to Head of Policy and Communications in 1996. He was
elected to Ealing Borough Council in 1979, where he served as Deputy Leader
of the Labour Group from 1985–1994, and as Deputy Leader of the Council
and Chair of Education from 1986–1990. He was educated at Holland Park
Comprehensive School, London and the University of Sussex. He is married
with three sons and one daughter.
Henrique B. Cavalcanti was born in Rio de Janeiro, studied at the Naval
Academy, graduated in civil engineering from McGill University in Montreal,
List of Contributors vii
Canada, and holds a diploma in Nuclear Science and Engineering from Penn-
sylvania State University and the ISNSE at Argonne National Laboratory,
Illinois, US. He lectured at the Catholic University and the Federal School
of Engineering, was field engineer and managing director of electric power
utilities in Southern Brazil, a director of ECOTEC Consultants, chairman
and CEO of the Brazilian Steel Corporation (SIDERBRÁS) and managing
director of the International Environmental Bureau in Geneva, Switzerland.
Later he became senior adviser for the Global Environment Facility (GEF),
Chairman of the UN Commission on Sustainable Development (CSD),
Brazilian Commissioner to the World Exhibition on Oceans in Lisbon, and
President of the Intergovernmental Forum on Chemical Safety (IFCS).
An adviser to the Brazilian Ministry of Environment, he is now president
of Fundação Pró Natureza, FUNATURA, a board member of IBAM (the
Brazilian Municipal Management Institute) and member of the Pan American
Academy of Engineering, having formerly served as trustee of the LASPAU
Program at Harvard University, the Iwokrama Project in Guyana and the
Marine Stewardship Council in London, UK, and as member of the Brazilian
Independent Commission on Oceans, and the Commission on Sustainable
Consumption at Oxford University. A former Deputy Minister of Mines
and Energy and Deputy Minister of Interior, from 1967 to 1975, Henrique
Cavalcanti was Federal Minister of Environment and the Amazon in 1994.
Felix Dodds is executive director of Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable
Future, a position he has held since 1993. From 1997 to 2001 he was co-
chair of the NGO Coalition working at the United Nations Commission on
Sustainable Development. He has facilitated NGO global lobbying for the
UN Habitat Conference (1996), UN Rio+5 (1997) and a number of UN
Commissions on Sustainable Development meetings. He has been a member
of the Commission on Globalization and the International Advisory Boards
for Global Forum 1994, Bonn Freshwater Conference (2001) and the Hilltops
to Oceans Conference (2004). He was one of the co-developers of the multi-
stakeholder dialogues at the UN Commission on Sustainable Development.
His other books are Into the Twenty First Century – An Agenda for Political
Realignment (editor, 1986, Greenprint), The Way Forward Beyond Agenda 21
(editor, 1997, Earthscan), Earth Summit 2002 A New Deal (edited with Toby
Middleton, 2000 and 2002, Earthscan), How to Lobby at Intergovernmental
Meetings: Mine is a Café Latte (with Michael Strauss, 2004, Earthscan). He
lives in San Sebastian in Spain.
Christine K. Durbak, PhD, a psychoanalyst in private practice and stress
management consultant to corporations, formed the non-profit organization
World Information Transfer (WIT), Inc, in 1987, which she currently chairs.
She has served as president of the National Association for the Advancement of
Psychoanalysis (NAAP), vice-chair of the NGO Executive Committee, chair
of the NGO Health Communication Committee and is currently chair and
CEO of Physicians Weekly, LLC. Durbak received her PhD from Fordham
University and her BA from New York University.
viii List ofContributors
Anna-Karin Eneström is minister for political affairs at the Permanent Mis-
sion of Sweden to the United Nations in New York. Prior to her move to New
York she was head of the humanitarian division at the Ministry for Foreign
Affairs in Stockholm. Anna Karin Eneström has previously been posted to
Nairobi and Strasbourg. She has a master of law from Uppsala University.
Jason Franks recently completed his PhD in the School of International Re-
lations at the University of St Andrews. His study Rethinking the Roots of Terror-
ism (Palgrave, forthcoming 2005) seeks to examine how the roots of terrorism
can be understood. It involves a critique of the orthodox understanding of
terrorism and suggests a re-thinking of the causes via multi-level and multi-
dimensional approaches.
Jim Garrison is president of the State of the World Forum, a San Francisco-
based non-profit institution dedicated to discerning and implementing those
principles, values, and actions necessary to guide humanity towards a more
sustainable global civilization. Prior to founding the Forum in 1992, at the
behest of Mikhail Gorbachev, Garrison founded and became president
of the Gorbachev Foundation/US. In 1991, he founded the International
Foreign Policy Association in collaboration with Georgian President Edward
Shevardnadze and former US Secretary of State George Schultz. From 1986
to 1990, Garrison served as executive director of the Esalen Institute Soviet
American exchange programme, which engaged in private sector diplomacy
with Russian counterparts. He is the author of The Plutonium Culture (SCM);
The Darkness of God: Theology After Hiroshima (SCM, 1982); The Russian Threat:
Myths and Realities (Gateway Books, 1983); The New Diplomats (Resurgence
Press, 1984); Civilisation and the Transformation of Power (Paraview Press,
2000), and America as Empire: Global Leader or Rogue Power? (Berrett-Koehler
Publishers, 2004). He holds a PhD in Philosophical Theology from Cambridge
University, and a BA magna cum laude in World History from Santa Clara
University.
Hannah Griffiths is Corporates Campaigner at Friends of the Earth (FOE),
where she has been working since 1999 on issues related to corporate globaliza-
tion. Prior to this, she worked at the British Council on education, employment
and women’s projects. She is a director of The Ilisu Dam Campaign – a coali-
tion of environmental and human rights groups that successfully opposed
British involvement in the controversial Ilisu Dam in the Kurdish region of
Turkey – and coordinated FOE’s input into the campaign. More recently, she
has been working to improve the quality and quantity of activism on corporate
globalization. She coordinated FOE’s input into the European Social Forum
held in London in late 2004 and is involved in the World Social Forum. She
is a founding member of The Refugee Project, a coalition of NGOs and com-
munity groups looking at how corporate globalization contributes to forced
migration. She coordinates FOE’s campaign on Shell, with a focus on environ-
mental justice. She graduated from Imperial College London in 1998 with an
List of Contributors ix
MSc in Global Environmental Change and Policy. Hannah Griffiths would
like to thank the following people from Friends of the Earth for their help with
Chapter 17: Craig Bennett, Helen Burley, Eve Mitchell and Blathin Wong.
Devyani Gupta has worked on sustainable development, humanitarian aid,
refugees and migration with a number of organizations including the Euro-
pean Commission, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
(UNHCR), Stakeholder Forum for a Sustainable Future and the International
Institute for Environment and Development. She is fluent in Hindi and holds
an MA (University of Chicago) in International Relations. Currently she is
working on health and social care delivery for vulnerable adults in England at
the UK Department of Health.
David Hannay served for 35 years as a member of the British Diplomatic
Service. After postings in Tehran, Kabul, Brussels and Washington, he was
the UK Permanent Representative to the European Union (1985–1990) and
then UK Permanent Representative to the United Nations (1990–1995). Fol-
lowing his retirement from the Diplomatic Service, he served as the British
government’s Special Representative for Cyprus (1996–2003); and in 2003–
2004 as a member of the UN Secretary-General’s High Level Panel on Threats,
Challenges and Change. He has been an independent member of the House of
Lords since 2001, and is a member of its European Union Select Committee.
He is pro-chancellor of the University of Birmingham. He was educated at
Winchester College and New College, Oxford.
Noeleen Heyzer is Executive Director of the United Nations Development
Fund for Women (UNIFEM), the leading operational agency within the UN to
promote women’s empowerment and gender equality. Since joining UNIFEM,
Dr Heyzer has worked on strengthening women’s economic security and
rights; promoting women’s leadership in conflict resolution, peacebuilding and
reconstruction; ending violence against women; and combating HIV/AIDS
from a gender perspective. Before joining UNIFEM, Dr Heyzer was a policy
adviser to several Asian governments on gender issues, playing a key role in
the formulation of national development policies, strategies and programmes
from a gender perspective. Heyzer has been a founding member of numerous
regional and international women’s networks and has published extensively
on gender and development issues. Born in Singapore, she received a BA
and MA from the University of Singapore and a doctorate in social sciences
from Cambridge University in the UK. She has received several awards for
leadership, including the Dag Hammarksjöld medal in 2004 and the National
Council for Research on Women (NCRW) ‘Women Who Make a Difference’
Award in 2005.
Marian Hobbs is New Zealand Minister for the Environment, for Urban
Affairs, for Disarmament and Arms Control, and for the National Library and
Archives. As Associate Minister of Foreign Affairs she is also responsible for