hull structural design ships with length 100 metres and above

133 Pages·2002·1.82 MB·English

RULES FOR
CLASSIFICATION OF
SHIPS
NEWBUILDINGS
HULLANDEQUIPMENT
MAINCLASS
PART3CHAPTER 1
HULL STRUCTURAL DESIGN
SHIPS WITH LENGTH
100 METRES AND ABOVE
JANUARY2001
CONTENTS PAGE
Sec. 1 General Requirements................................................................................................................7
Sec. 2 Materials andMaterial Protection............................................................................................13
Sec. 3 DesignPrinciples......................................................................................................................17
Sec. 4 DesignLoads............................................................................................................................29
Sec. 5 Longitudinal Strength...............................................................................................................37
Sec. 6 Bottom Structures.....................................................................................................................49
Sec. 7 SideStructures..........................................................................................................................58
Sec. 8 DeckStructures........................................................................................................................67
Sec. 9 Bulkhead Structures .................................................................................................................73
Sec.10 Superstructure Ends,DeckhouseSides andEnds,Bulwarks...................................................79
Sec.11 Openings andClosingAppliances ...........................................................................................84
Sec.12 WeldingandWeldConnections.............................................................................................103
Sec.13 DirectStrengthCalculations .................................................................................................108
Sec.14 BucklingControl....................................................................................................................113
Sec.15 Structures forHighTemperatureCargo.................................................................................119
Sec.16 Special Requirements -Additional Class...............................................................................122
Sec.17 FatigueControl ......................................................................................................................127
Sec.18 CorrosionPrevention..............................................................................................................128
App.A Elastic BucklingandUltimateStrength.................................................................................131
DET NORSKE VERITAS
Veritasveien1,N-1322Høvik,NorwayTel.: [phone]Fax: [phone]
CHANGES IN THE RULES
General Mainchanges
Thepresenteditionoftherulesincludesadditionsandamendments • Sec.11OpeningandClosingAppliances
decidedbytheboardinDecember2000,andsupersedestheJanuary
— Item G102 has been amended according to information taken
2000editionofthesamechapter.
from IACS UI SC 156. This concerns the central locking of
Therulechangescomeintoforceon1July2001. hingeddoors,anindicationthataslidingdoorisinremotecon-
trol andarequirementforaudibleandvisualalarmsonsliding
Thischapter isvaliduntilsupersededbyarevisedchapter.Supple-
doorsinpassengerareasandareasofhighambientnoise.
mentswillnotbeissuedexceptforanupdatedlistofminoramend-
— ItemL402hasbeenamendedconcerningdesign loadsfor side
ments and corrections presented in Pt.0 Ch.1 Sec.3. Pt.0 Ch.1 is
scuttlesandwindowswithreferencetoISO/DIS5779and5780.
normallyrevisedinJanuaryandJulyeachyear.
Additionally,theminimumdesignloadforwindowslocatedin
Revised chapters will be forwarded to all subscribers to the rules. thesidesandafterendofdeckhouses,hasbeengiven.
Buyersofreprintsareadvisedtochecktheupdatedlistofrulechap-
tersprintedinPt.0Ch.1Sec.1toensurethatthechapteriscurrent.
CorrectionsandClarifications
AmendmentsasofJuly2002 Inadditiontotheabovestatedruleamendments,somedetectederrors
havebeencorrected,andsomeclarificationshavebeenmadeinthe
Thischapterhasbeenamendedsinceitslatestissueinprint,see“Gen- existingrulewording.
eral”above.Thelatestamendmentsaredescribedunder“Mainchang-
es”below.Theyareincorporatedinthepresentversionandenterinto
forceon1July2002.Acompletelistofthecurrentamendmentsand
correctionsisfoundinPt.0Ch.1Sec.3.
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RulesforShips,January2001
Pt.3Ch.1Contents – Page3
CONTENTS
SEC.1 GENERALREQUIREMENTS.......................... 7 C. LocalDesign........................................................................21
C 100 Definitionofspanforstiffenersandgirders...................21
A. Classification..........................................................................7 C 200 Endconnectionsofstiffeners..........................................22
A 100 Application........................................................................7 C 300 Endconnectionsofgirders..............................................22
A 200 Classnotations..................................................................7 C 400 Effectiveflangeofgirders..............................................24
C 500 Effectivewebofgirders..................................................25
B. Definitions..............................................................................7
C 600 Stiffeningofgirders........................................................26
B 100 Symbols.............................................................................7 C 700 Reinforcementatknuckles..............................................27
B 200 Terms................................................................................7
C 800 Continuityoflocalstrengthmembers.............................27
B 300 Shiptypes..........................................................................9
C 900 Weldingofoutfittingdetailstohull................................27
C 1000 Propertiesandselectionofsections................................28
C. Documentation......................................................................9
C 1100 Coldformedplating........................................................28
C 100 Plansandparticulars.........................................................9
C 200 Specificationsandcalculations.......................................10
SEC.4 DESIGNLOADS............................................... 29
C 300 Specificpurposedocumentation.....................................10
A. General................................................................................29
D. StructuralandTightnessTesting .....................................10
A 100 Introduction.....................................................................29
D 100 Definitions.......................................................................10
A 200 Definitions.......................................................................29
D 200 Generalrequirements......................................................10
D 300 Specificrequirementsforextentandtypeoftesting.......10
B. ShipMotionsandAccelerations.......................................29
E. ShipsBuiltforIn-WaterSurvey........................................12 B 100 General............................................................................29
E 100 General............................................................................12 B 200 Basicparameters.............................................................29
E 200 Rudder.............................................................................12 B 300 Surge,sway/yawandheaveaccelerations.....................30
E 300 Tailshaft..........................................................................12 B 400 Rollmotionandacceleration..........................................30
B 500 Pitchmotionandacceleration.........................................30
SEC.2 MATERIALSANDMATERIAL B 600 Combinedverticalacceleration.......................................31
PROTECTION.................................................... 13 B 700 Combinedtransverseacceleration..................................31
B 800 Combinedlongitudinalaccelerations..............................31
A. General.................................................................................13
A 100 Introduction.....................................................................13 C. PressuresandForces..........................................................31
A 200 Materialcertificates.........................................................13 C 100 General............................................................................31
C 200 Seapressures...................................................................31
B. HullStructuralSteel...........................................................13 C 300 Liquidsintanks...............................................................32
B 100 General............................................................................13 C 400 Drycargoes,stores,equipmentandaccommodation......35
B 200 Materialdesignationsandclasses...................................13 C 500 Deckcargounits.Deckequipment.................................36
B 300 Basicrequirements..........................................................13
B 400 Requirementsforlowairtemperatures(specialfeatures SEC.5 LONGITUDINALSTRENGTH....................... 37
notationDAT(-x°C))......................................................14
B 500 Materialatcross-joints....................................................14 A. General................................................................................37
A 100 Introduction.....................................................................37
C. AlternativeStructuralMaterials.......................................14 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................37
C 100 Aluminium......................................................................14
C 200 Stainlesssteel..................................................................14 B. StillWaterandWaveInducedHullGirderBending
MomentsandShearForces...............................................37
D. CorrosionAdditionsforSteelShips..................................15
B 100 Stillwaterconditions.......................................................37
D 100 General............................................................................15
B 200 Waveloadconditions......................................................39
D 200 Corrosionadditions.........................................................15
D 300 ClassnotationICM(IncreasedCorrosionMargin).........15 C. BendingStrengthandStiffness.........................................40
C 100 Midshipsectionparticulars.............................................40
SEC.3 DESIGNPRINCIPLES..................................... 17
C 200 Extentofhighstrengthsteel(HS-steel)..........................40
C 300 Sectionmodulus.............................................................41
A. SubdivisionandArrangement...........................................17
C 400 Momentofinertia...........................................................42
A 100 General............................................................................17
A 200 Definitions.......................................................................17
D. ShearStrength....................................................................42
A 300 Numberoftransversewatertightbulkheads....................17
D 100 General............................................................................42
A 400 Positionofcollisionbulkhead.........................................17
D 200 Shipswithsingleordoubleskinandwithoutother
A 500 Heightofwatertightbulkheads.......................................18
effectivelongitudinalbulkheads.....................................43
A 600 Openingandclosingappliances......................................18
D 300 Shipswithtwoeffectivelongitudinalbulkheads............43
A 700 Cofferdamsandtankcontents.........................................18
A 800 Forwardcompartmentcontents.......................................18 D 400 Shipswithnumberofeffectivelongitudinalbulkheads
A 900 Minimumbowheight......................................................18 differentfromtwo...........................................................44
A 1000 Accesstoandwithinnarrowballasttanks......................18 D 500 Strengtheninginwayoftransversestringers..................45
A 1100 Steeringgearcompartment.............................................18
E. OpeningsinLongitudinalStrengthMembers.................45
B. StructuralDesignPrinciples..............................................18 E 100 Positions..........................................................................45
B 100 Designprocedure............................................................18 E 200 Deduction-freeopenings.................................................45
B 200 Loadingconditions..........................................................19 E 300 Compensations................................................................46
B 300 Hullgirderstrength.........................................................19 E 400 Reinforcementandshapeofsmalleropenings...............46
B 400 Localbendingandshearstrength....................................20 E 500 Hatchwaycorners............................................................46
B 500 Bucklingstrength............................................................20 E 600 Miscellaneous.................................................................47
B 600 Impactstrength................................................................20
B 700 Fatigue.............................................................................21 F. LoadingGuidanceInformation........................................47
B 800 Localvibrations..............................................................21 F 100 General............................................................................47
B 900 Miscellaneousstrengthrequirements..............................21 F 200 Conditionsofapprovalofloadingmanuals....................47
B 1000 Reliability-basedanalysisofhullstructures...................21 F 300 Conditionofapprovalofloadingcomputersystems......48
DETNORSKEVERITAS
RulesforShips,January2001
Pt.3Ch.1Contents – Page4
SEC.6 BOTTOMSTRUCTURES................................ 49 SEC.8 DECKSTRUCTURES...................................... 67
A. General................................................................................49 A. General.................................................................................67
A 100 Introduction.....................................................................49 A 100 Introduction.....................................................................67
A 200 Definitions.......................................................................49 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................67
A 300 Documentation................................................................49 A 300 Documentation................................................................67
A 400 Structuralarrangementanddetails..................................49 A 400 Structuralarrangementanddetails..................................67
A 500 Bottomarrangement........................................................50 A 500 Constructionandinitialtestingofwatertightdecks,trunks
etc....................................................................................68
B. DesignLoads.......................................................................50
B 100 Localloadsonbottomstructures....................................50 B. DesignLoads.......................................................................68
B 200 Totalloadsondoublebottom..........................................50 B 100 Localloadsondeckstructures........................................68
C. PlatingandStiffeners.........................................................51 C. PlatingandStiffeners.........................................................70
C 100 General............................................................................51 C 100 Strengthdeckplating......................................................70
C 200 Keelplate........................................................................51 C 200 Platingofdecksbeloworabovestrengthdeck...............70
C 300 Bottomandbilgeplating.................................................51 C 300 Longitudinals..................................................................70
C 400 Innerbottomplating........................................................52 C 400 Transversebeams............................................................70
C 500 Platingindoublebottomfloorsandlongitudinalgirders52
C 600 Transverseframes...........................................................53 D. Girders.................................................................................71
C 700 Bottomlongitudinals.......................................................53 D 100 General............................................................................71
C 800 Innerbottomlongitudinals..............................................53 D 200 Simplegirders.................................................................71
C 900 Stiffeningofdoublebottomfloorsandgirders...............54 D 300 Complexgirdersystems..................................................71
D. ArrangementofDoubleBottom........................................54 E. SpecialRequirements.........................................................71
D 100 General............................................................................54 E 100 Transversestrengthofdeckbetweenhatches.................71
D 200 Doublebottomwithtransverseframing..........................54 E 200 Strengthofdeckoutsidelargehatches............................71
D 300 Doublebottomwithlongitudinals...................................54 E 300 Pillarsintanks.................................................................72
E 400 Strengtheningagainstliquidimpactpressureinlarger
E. DoubleBottomGirderSystembelowCargoHoldsand tanks................................................................................72
Tanks....................................................................................55 E 500 Foundationsfordeckmachinery,cranesandmasts........72
E 100 Mainscantlings...............................................................55 E 600 Emergencytowingarrangementsfortankers..................72
F. SingleBottomGirders........................................................55 SEC.9 BULKHEADSTRUCTURES........................... 73
F 100 Mainscantlings...............................................................55
F 200 Localscantlings...............................................................55 A. General.................................................................................73
A 100 Introduction.....................................................................73
G.GirdersinPeaks..................................................................55 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................73
G 100 Arrangement....................................................................55 A 300 Documentation................................................................73
G 200 Scantlings........................................................................55 A 400 Structuralarrangementanddetails..................................73
G 300 Details.............................................................................55
B. DesignLoads.......................................................................74
H.SpecialRequirements.........................................................55 B 100 Localloadsonbulkheadstructures.................................74
H 100 Verticalstruts..................................................................55
H 200 Strengtheningagainstslamming.....................................55 C. PlatingandStiffeners.........................................................75
H 300 Strengtheningforgrabloadinganddischarging(special C 100 Bulkheadplating.............................................................75
featuresnotationIB(+)....................................................57 C 200 Longitudinals..................................................................75
H 400 Docking...........................................................................57 C 300 Verticalandtransversestiffenersontank,wash,drybulk
cargo,collisionandwatertightbulkheads.......................75
SEC.7 SIDESTRUCTURES......................................... 58
D. Girders.................................................................................76
A. General................................................................................58 D 100 General............................................................................76
A 100 Introduction.....................................................................58 D 200 Simplegirders.................................................................76
A 200 Definitions.......................................................................58 D 300 Complexgirdersystems..................................................77
A 300 Documentation................................................................58
A 400 Structuralarrangementanddetails..................................58 E. SpecialRequirements.........................................................77
E 100 Shafttunnels....................................................................77
B. DesignLoads.......................................................................59 E 200 Corrugatedbulkheads.....................................................77
B 100 Localloadsonsidestructures.........................................59 E 300 Supportingbulkheads......................................................77
E 400 Strengtheningagainstliquidimpactpressureinlarger
C. PlatingandStiffeners.........................................................60 tanks................................................................................77
C 100 Sideplating,general........................................................60
C 200 Sheerstrakeatstrengthdeck...........................................60 SEC.10 SUPERSTRUCTUREENDS,DECKHOUSE
C 300 Longitudinals..................................................................61 SIDESANDENDS,BULWARKS.................... 79
C 400 Mainframes ...................................................................61
C 500 'Tweendeckframesandverticalpeakframes ...............61 A. General.................................................................................79
A 100 Introduction.....................................................................79
D. Girders.................................................................................62 A 200 Definitions.......................................................................79
D 100 General............................................................................62
D 200 Simplegirders.................................................................62 B. StructuralArrangementandDetails................................79
D 300 Complexgirdersystems..................................................62 B 100 Structuralcontinuity........................................................79
D 400 Crossties.........................................................................62 B 200 Connectionsbetweensteelandaluminium.....................79
B 300 Miscellaneous..................................................................80
E. SpecialRequirements.........................................................63
E 100 Barstem..........................................................................63 C. DesignLoads.......................................................................80
E 200 Trippingbrackets............................................................63 C 100 Externalpressure.............................................................80
E 300 Strengtheningagainstbowimpact..................................63
E 400 Strengtheningagainstliquidimpactpressureinlarger D. Scantlings.............................................................................80
tanks................................................................................65 D 100 Endbulkheadsofsuperstructuresanddeckhouses,and
E 500 Fatiguecontroloflongitudinals,mainframesand'tween exposedsidesindeckhouses...........................................80
deckframes.....................................................................65 D 200 Protectedcasings.............................................................80
DETNORSKEVERITAS
RulesforShips,January2001
Pt.3Ch.1Contents – Page5
D 300 Bulwarks.........................................................................80 K 400 Scuppers..........................................................................99
D 400 Aluminiumdeckhouses...................................................81 K 500 Periodicallyunmannedmachineryspace........................99
E. ProtectionoftheCrew........................................................81 L. SideScuttles........................................................................99
E 100 Regulation25..................................................................81 L 100 Regulation23..................................................................99
E 200 Interpretations.................................................................81 L 200 Interpretations.................................................................99
L 300 Arrangement.................................................................100
SEC.11 OPENINGSANDCLOSINGAPPLIANCES. 84 L 400 Glassdimensions,sidescuttlesandwindows...............100
A. General.................................................................................84 M.FreeingPorts.....................................................................100
A 100 Introduction.....................................................................84 M 100 Regulation24................................................................100
A 200 Definitions.......................................................................84 M 200 Interpretations...............................................................101
A 300 Documentation................................................................84 M 300 References.....................................................................101
A 400 Testing.............................................................................85
N. SpecialRequirementsforTypeAShips........................101
B. AccessOpeningsinSuperstructuresand N 100 Regulation26................................................................101
FreeboardDeck...................................................................85 N 200 Interpretation.................................................................102
B 100 Doors...............................................................................85
B 200 Sillheights......................................................................85 SEC.12 WELDINGANDWELDCONNECTIONS.. 103
B 300 Accessopeningsinfreeboardandsuperstructuredecks.85
A. General..............................................................................103
C. SideandSternDoors..........................................................86 A 100 Introduction...................................................................103
C 100 General............................................................................86 A 200 Definitions.....................................................................103
C 200 Structuralarrangement....................................................86 A 300 Weldingparticulars.......................................................103
C 300 Designloads....................................................................86 A 400 Radiographicexamination............................................103
C 400 Plating.............................................................................87
C 500 Stiffeners.........................................................................87 B. TypesofWeldedJoints....................................................103
C 600 Girders.............................................................................87 B 100 Buttjoints......................................................................103
C 700 Closingarrangement,general.........................................87 B 200 Lapjointsandslotwelds...............................................103
C 800 Closingarrangement,strength........................................87 B 300 Teeorcrossjoints.........................................................103
C 900 Closingarrangement,systemforoperationandindication/
monitoring.......................................................................88 C. SizeofWeldConnections................................................104
C 100 Continuousfilletwelds,general...................................104
D. HatchwayCoamings...........................................................88 C 200 Filletweldsandpenetrationweldssubjecttohightensile
D 100 General............................................................................88 stresses..........................................................................105
D 200 Coamingheights.............................................................89 C 300 Endconnectionsofgirders,pillarsandcrossties.........105
D 300 Scantlings........................................................................89 C 400 Endconnectionsofstiffeners........................................106
C 500 Intermittentwelds.........................................................107
E. HatchCovers.......................................................................89 C 600 Slotwelds......................................................................107
E 100 General............................................................................89
E 200 Designloads....................................................................89 SEC.13 DIRECTSTRENGTHCALCULATIONS... 108
E 300 Plating.............................................................................91
E 400 Stiffeners.........................................................................91 A. General..............................................................................108
E 500 Girders.............................................................................92 A 100 Introduction...................................................................108
E 600 Stiffnessofcoveredges..................................................92 A 200 Application....................................................................108
E 700 Structuralanalysis...........................................................92 A 300 Documentation..............................................................108
F. HatchwayTightnessArrangementandClosingDevices.93 B. CalculationMethods........................................................108
F 100 General............................................................................93 B 100 General..........................................................................108
F 200 Designandtightnessrequirements.................................93 B 200 Computerprogram........................................................109
F 300 Securingdevicesingeneral.............................................93 B 300 Loadingconditionsandloadapplication......................109
F 400 Securingarrangementforweathertighthatchcovers......94 B 400 Acceptancecriteria........................................................109
F 500 Securingarrangementfordeeptankorcargooiltankhatch
covers..............................................................................94 C. GlobalAnalysis.................................................................111
F 600 Securingarrangementforhatchcovers C 100 General..........................................................................111
carryingdeckcargo.........................................................94 C 200 Loadingconditions........................................................111
F 700 Drainagearrangement.....................................................95 C 300 Acceptancecriteria........................................................111
G.InternalDoorsandHatchesforWatertightIntegrity.....95 D. CargoHoldorTankAnalysis.........................................111
G 100 General............................................................................95 D 100 General..........................................................................111
G 200 Operation.........................................................................95 D 200 Loadingconditionsandloadapplication......................112
G 300 Strength...........................................................................95 D 300 Acceptancecriteria........................................................112
H.Ventilators............................................................................95 E. FrameandGirderAnalysis.............................................112
H 100 Regulation19..................................................................95 E 100 General..........................................................................112
H 200 Thicknessofcoamings....................................................96 E 200 Loadingconditionsandloadapplication......................112
H 300 Arrangementandsupport................................................96 E 300 Acceptancecriteria........................................................112
I. TankAccess,UllageandVentilationOpenings................96 F. LocalStructureAnalysis.................................................112
I 100 General............................................................................96 F 100 General..........................................................................112
I 200 Hatchways.......................................................................96 F 200 Loadingconditionsandloadapplication......................112
I 300 AirPipes..........................................................................96 F 300 Acceptancecriteria........................................................112
J. MachinerySpaceOpenings................................................97 SEC.14 BUCKLINGCONTROL................................. 113
J 100 Regulation17..................................................................97
J 200 Interpretations.................................................................97 A. General..............................................................................113
A 100 Introduction...................................................................113
K.Scuppers,InletsandDischarges........................................97 A 200 Definitions.....................................................................113
K 100 Regulation22..................................................................97
K 200 Interpretations.................................................................98 B. Plating...............................................................................113
K 300 Discharges.......................................................................99 B 100 General..........................................................................113
DETNORSKEVERITAS
RulesforShips,January2001
Pt.3Ch.1Contents – Page6
B 200 Platepanelinuni-axialcompression............................113 C. ClassNotationPLUS-1andPLUS-2...............................122
B 300 Platepanelinshear.......................................................115 C 100 General..........................................................................122
B 400 Platepanelinbi-axialcompression..............................116 C 200 Application....................................................................122
B 500 Platepanelinbi-axialcompressionandshear..............116 C 300 Documentation..............................................................122
C 400 Requirementsforfatiguelife........................................123
C. StiffenersandPillars........................................................116
C 100 General..........................................................................116 D. ClassNotationCOAT-1andCOAT-2..............................123
C 200 Lateralbucklingmode..................................................116 D 100 General..........................................................................123
C 300 Torsionalbucklingmode..............................................117 D 200 Application....................................................................123
C 400 Webandflangebuckling..............................................118 D 300 Documentation..............................................................123
C 500 Transversebeamsandgirders.......................................118 D 400 Requirementsforcorrosionprevention.........................123
D 500 Surveyandtesting........................................................124
SEC.15 STRUCTURESFORHIGHTEMPERATURE
E. ClassNotationCSA-2.......................................................124
CARGO.............................................................. 119
E 100 General..........................................................................124
E 200 Selectionofloadingconditions.....................................124
A. General..............................................................................119
E 300 Waveloadanalysis........................................................124
A 100 Introduction...................................................................119
E 400 Finiteelementanalysis..................................................125
A 200 Specialfeaturesnotations..............................................119
E 500 Acceptancecriteria........................................................125
A 300 Documentation..............................................................119
E 600 Hullgirdercapacity.......................................................126
A 400 Surveyandtesting.........................................................119
E 700 Fatiguestrengthassessment..........................................126
A 500 Signboards.....................................................................119
SEC.17 FATIGUECONTROL ................................... 127
B. MaterialsandMaterialProtection..................................119
B 100 Hullandtankmaterial...................................................119 A. General...............................................................................127
B 200 Insulationmaterial.........................................................119 A 100 Introduction...................................................................127
B 300 Corrosionprotection.....................................................119 A 200 Application....................................................................127
A 300 Loads.............................................................................127
C. ShipArrangement............................................................119
A 400 Designcriteria...............................................................127
C 100 Locationandseparationofspaces................................119 A 500 Calculationmethods......................................................127
C 200 Equipmentwithinthecargoarea..................................119
C 300 Surfacemetaltemperature............................................119 B. BasicRequirements..........................................................127
C 400 Cargoheatingmedia.....................................................119 B 100 Longitudinals................................................................127
D. LoadConditions................................................................119 SEC.18 CORROSIONPREVENTION....................... 128
D 100 Fullandpartialcargoconditions...................................119
D 200 Waterballastconditions................................................120 A. General...............................................................................128
A 100 Definitions.....................................................................128
E. ScantlingsoftheCargoarea............................................120 A 200 Documentation..............................................................128
E 100 Constructionconsiderations..........................................120
E 200 Thermalstressanalysis.................................................120 B. Corrosionpreventionsystems.........................................129
E 300 Acceptablestresslevel..................................................120 B 100 General..........................................................................129
E 400 Girders...........................................................................121 B 200 Coatings........................................................................129
B 300 Cathodicprotection.......................................................130
F. TypeofCargoes................................................................121
F 100 Listofcargoes...............................................................121 APP.A ELASTICBUCKLINGANDULTIMATE
STRENGTH..................................................... 131
SEC.16 SPECIALREQUIREMENTS-ADDITIONAL
CLASS................................................................ 122 A. Introduction.......................................................................131
A 100 Scopeanddescription...................................................131
A. General..............................................................................122
A 100 Objectives......................................................................122 B. CalculationProcedure......................................................131
A 200 Application....................................................................122 B 100 Estimationofultimatestress.........................................131
B 200 Calculationofeffectivewidth.......................................131
B. ClassNotationNAUTICUS(Newbuilding)......................122 B 300 Ultimateloadofstiffenedpanels..................................131
B 100 General..........................................................................122 B 400 Ultimatestrengthofsimplegirderswithstiffenedpanel
B 200 Finiteelementanalysis..................................................122 flange.............................................................................131
B 300 Fatiguestrengthassessment..........................................122 B 500 Ultimatestrengthofcomplexgirders............................132
DETNORSKEVERITAS
RulesforShips,January2001
Pt.3Ch.1Sec.1 – Page7
SECTION 1
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
A.Classification D = leastmouldeddepthtakenastheverticaldistanceinm
F
fromthetopofthekeeltothetopofthefreeboarddeck
A100 Application beamatside.
101 Therulesinthischapterapplytosteelhullstructuresfor Inshipshavingroundedgunwales,themouldeddepth
assignmentofthemainclassforshipswithlength100metres shall be measured to the point of intersection of the
andabove. moulded lines of the deck and side shell plating, the
linesextendingasthoughthegunwalewasofangular
102 Therulesalsoapplytoaluminiumstructuresandwood- design.
endeckstotheextentthatthesematerialsareacceptableasal-
ternativematerials. Wherethefreeboarddeckissteppedandtheraisedpart
ofthedeckextendsoverthepointatwhichthemould-
A200 Classnotations eddepthistobedetermined,themouldeddepthshall
bemeasuredtoalineofreferenceextendingfromthe
201 Theclassnotationsapplicablefortheassignmentofthe lower part of the deck along a line parallel with the
mainclassaredescribedinPt.1Ch.1. raisedpart.
202 Thefollowingspecialfeaturesnotationsarespecifiedin T = meanmouldedsummerdraughtinm.
thischapter: ∆ = mouldeddisplacementintinsaltwater(density1,025
3
t/m )ondraughtT.
DAT(-x°C) lowestdesignambienttemperature(Sec.2B401) CB = blockcoefficient,
ICM increasedcorrosionmargin(Sec.2D300) ∆
HL(ρ) tanksforheavyliquid(Sec.4C301) = 1----,--0---2---5-----L-----B-----T--
DK(+) decksforheavycargo(Sec.4C401)
HA(+) hatchesforheavycargo(Sec.4C401) For barge rigidly connected to a push-tug CB isto be
calculatedforthecombinationbarge/push-tug.
IB(+) innerbottomstrengthenedforgrabloading
anddischarging(Sec.6H300) CBF= block coefficient as defined in the International Con-
ventionofLoadLines:
∇
= --------------------
L BT
B.Definitions F F
∇ = volumeofthemouldeddisplacement,excludingboss-
B100 Symbols ings,takenatthemouldeddraughtT .
F
T = 85%oftheleastmouldeddepth.
101 Thefollowingsymbolsareused: F
V = maximumservicespeedinknots,definedasthegreat-
est speed which the ship is designed to maintain in
L = length of the ship in m defined as the distance on the
serviceatherdeepestseagoingdraught.
summerload waterline fromthe fore side of the stem
totheaxisoftherudderstock. g0 = standardaccelerationofgravity.
2
= 9,81m/s
Lisnottobetakenlessthan96%,andneednottobe
f = material factor depending on materialstrength group.
taken greater than 97%, of the extreme length on the 1
SeeSec.2.
summer load waterline. For ships with unusual stern
t = corrosion addition as given in Sec.2 D200and D300,
and bow arrangement, the length L will be especially k
asrelevant
considered.
x = axisintheship'slongitudinaldirection.
F.P. = the forward perpendicular is the perpendicular at the
y = axisintheship'sathwartshipsdirection.
intersectionofthesummerloadwaterlinewiththefore
sideofthestem.Forshipswithunusualbowarrange- z = axisintheship'sverticaldirection.
mentsthepositionoftheF.P.willbeespeciallyconsid- E = modulusofelasticityofthematerial,
ered. = 2,06·105N/mm2forsteel
A.P.= theafterperpendicularistheperpendicularattheafter = 0,69·105N/mm2foraluminiumalloy.
endofthelengthL. C = waveloadcoefficientgiveninSec.4B200.
W
L = lengthoftheshipasdefinedintheInternationalCon-
F
ventionofLoadLines: Amidships=themiddleofthelengthL.
The length shall be taken as 96 per cent of the total B200 Terms
lengthonawaterlineat85percentoftheleastmould-
201 Linear and angular motions of the ship are defined as
ed depth measured from the top of the keel, or as the
follows:
lengthfromtheforesideofthestemtotheaxisofthe
rudder stock on that waterline, if that be greater. In — surgeisthelinearmotionalongthex-axis
ships designed with a rake of keel the waterline on — swayisthelinearmotionalongthey-axis
which this length is measured shall be parallel to the — heaveisthelinearmotionalongthez-axis
designedwaterline. — rollistheangularmotionaboutthex-axis
B = greatest moulded breadth in m, measured at the sum- — pitchistheangularmotionaboutthey-axis
merwaterline. — yawistheangularmotionaboutthez-axis.
D = moulded depth defined as the vertical distance in m
from baseline to moulded deckline at the uppermost 202 Mouldeddeckline,Roundedsheerstrake,Sheerstrake,
continuousdeckmeasuredamidships. andStringerplate areasdefinedinFig.1.
DETNORSKEVERITAS
RulesforShips,January2001
Pt.3Ch.1Sec.1 – Page8
209 Deckstructureisdefinedasdeckplatingwithstiffeners,
girdersandsupportingpillars.
210 Bulkhead structure isdefinedastransverseor longitu-
dinalbulkheadplatingwithstiffenersandgirders.
Watertight bulkhead is a collective term for transverse bulk-
headsrequiredaccordingtoSec.3A.
Cargoholdbulkheadisaboundarybulkheadforcargohold.
Tankbulkheadisaboundarybulkheadintankforliquidcargo,
ballastorbunker.
Washbulkheadisaperforatedorpartialbulkheadintank.
211 Forepeakandafterpeakaredefinedastheareasforward
of collision bulkhead and aft of after peak bulkhead, respec-
tively,uptotheheightsdefinedinSec.3A500.
Fig.1
212 Superstructure
Deckcorners
a) A superstructure is a decked structure on the freeboard
deck, extending from side to side of the ship or with the
203 The freeboard assigned is the distance measured verti- side plating not being inboard of the shell plating more
cally downwards amidships from the upper edge of the deck than4percentofthebreadth(B).Araisedquarterdeckis
linetotheupperedgeoftherelatedloadline. regardedasasuperstructure.
204 Thefreeboarddeckisnormallytheuppermostcomplete b) Anenclosedsuperstructureisasuperstructurewith:
deckexposedtoweatherandsea,whichhaspermanentmeans
ofclosingallopeningsintheweatherpartthereof,andbelow i) enclosingbulkheadsofefficientconstruction,
whichallopeningsinthesidesoftheshiparefittedwithper-
ii) accessopenings,ifany,inthesebulkheadsfittedwith
manentmeansofwatertightclosing.Inashiphavingadiscon-
doors complying with the requirements of Sec.11
tinuousfreeboarddeck,thelowestlineoftheexposeddeckand
B101,
the continuation of that line parallel to the upper part of the
deckistakenasthefreeboarddeck.Attheoptionoftheowner iii) all other openings in sides or ends of the superstruc-
andsubjecttotheapprovaloftheAdministration,alowerdeck ture fitted with efficient weathertight means of clos-
maybedesignatedasthefreeboarddeckprovideditisacom- ing.
pleteandpermanentdeckcontinuousinaforeandaftdirection
atleastbetweenthemachineryspaceandpeakbulkheadsand Abridgeorpoopshallnotberegardedasenclosedunless
access is provided for the crew to reach machinery and
continuousathwartships.Whenthislowerdeckissteppedthe
otherworkingspacesinsidethesesuperstructuresbyalter-
lowestlineofthedeckandthecontinuationofthatlineparallel
nativemeanswhichare available atalltimeswhen bulk-
to the upper part of the deck is taken as the freeboard deck.
headopeningsareclosed.
When a lower deck is designated as the freeboard deck, that
part of the hull which extends above the freeboard deck is c) The height of a superstructure is the least vertical height
treatedasasuperstructuresofarasconcernstheapplicationof measured at side from the top of the superstructure deck
theconditionsofassignmentandthecalculationoffreeboard. beamstothetopofthefreeboarddeckbeams.
Itisfromthisdeckthatthefreeboardiscalculated.
d) Thelengthofasuperstructure(S)isthemeanlengthofthe
205 Strength deck is in general defined as the uppermost partofthesuperstructurewhichlieswithinthelength(L).
continuous deck. A superstructure deck which within 0,4 L
e) A long forward superstructure is defined as an enclosed
amidshipshasacontinuouslengthequaltoorgreaterthan
forward superstructure with length S equal to or greater
than0,25L.
(cid:3)B (cid:4)
3(cid:1)----+H(cid:2) (m)
2 213 Aflushdeckshipisonewhichhasnosuperstructureon
thefreeboarddeck.
is to be regarded as the strength deck instead of the covered
214 Girderisacollectivetermforprimarysupportingmem-
partoftheuppermostcontinuousdeck.
bers.TankgirderswithspecialnamesareshowninFig.2.
H = height in m between the uppermost continuous deck Othertermsusedare:
andthesuperstructuredeckinquestion.
— floor(abottomtransversegirder)
Anotherdeckmaybedefinedasthestrengthdeckafterspecial — stringer(ahorizontalgirder).
considerationofitseffectiveness.
215 Stiffenerisacollectivetermforasecondarysupporting
206 Doublebottomstructureisdefinedasshellplatingwith
member.Othertermsusedare:
stiffenersbelowthetopoftheinnerbottomandotherelements
belowandincludingtheinnerbottomplating.Notethatslop-
— frame
inghoppertanktopsideistoberegardedaslongitudinalbulk-
— bottomlongitudinal
head.
— innerbottomlongitudinal
207 Single bottom structure is defined as shell plating with — reversedframe(innerbottomtransversestiffener)
stiffenersandgirdersbelowtheupperturnofbilge. — sidelongitudinal
208 Sidestructureisdefinedasshellplatingwithstiffeners — beam
and girders between the bottom structure and the uppermost — decklongitudinal
deckatside. — bulkheadlongitudinal.
DETNORSKEVERITAS
RulesforShips,January2001
Pt.3Ch.1Sec.1 – Page9
(pquantileofX=UpperpquantileofX
=Lower(1–p)quantileofX)
Fig.3
Probabilitydensityfunction
Fig.2
Tankgirders C.Documentation
C100 Plansandparticulars
216 Probability density function f(x). The probability thata
101 Thefollowingplansarenormallytobesubmittedforap-
realisationofacontinuousrandomvariablexfallsintheinter-
proval:
val(x,x+dx)isf(x)dx.f(x)isthederivativeofthecumulative
probabilityfunctionF(x). — midship section including main particulars (L, B, D, T,
C ),maximumservicespeedV
217 CumulativeprobabilityF(x)isdefinedas: B
— deckanddoublebottomplansincludingopenings
— longitudinalsection
F(x) = (cid:1)x f(x)dx — shell expansion and framing including openings and ex-
tentofflatpartofbottomforward
–∞
— watertightbulkheadsincludingopenings
218 ExceedanceprobabilityQ(x)isdefinedas: — cargotankstructures
— deeptankstructures
— engine room structures including tanks and foundations
Q(x)=1–F(x) forheavymachinerycomponents
— afterpeakstructures
219 Probability of exceedance, or exceedance probability
— forepeakstructures
maybeillustratedbythefollowingexample:xistobetakenat
— superstructuresanddeckhousesincludingopenings,
aprobabilityofexceedanceofq,meansthatthevariable,x,is
— hatchways,hatchcovers,doorsintheship'ssidesandends
tobetakenasthevalue,x ,definedastheupperqquantilein
q — supporting structures for containers and container secur-
thelongtermdistributionofx.
ingequipment
220 Quantile.Thepquantilemaybedefinedasthevalue,x , — arrangementofcathodicprotection.
p
ofarandomvariablex,whichcorrespondtoafractionpofthe
Identicalorsimilarstructuresinvariouspositionsshouldpref-
outcomesofthevariable.
erablybecoveredbythesameplan.
x 102 Plans and particulars for closing appliances (doors,
F(x ) = (cid:1) p f(x)dx = p hatches,windowsetc.)tobesubmittedforapprovalarespeci-
p –∞ fiedinSec.11A300.
103 Loading guidance information (loading manual and
I.e.x isthepquantileofthevariablex.Onemaydenotex as loadingcomputersystem)istobeapprovedandcertifiedinac-
p p
the lower p quantile of x, or alternatively as the upper 1– p cordancewithSec.5F.
quantileofx.
104 Thefollowingplansaretobesubmittedforinformation:
B300 Shiptypes — generalarrangement
— engineroomarrangement
301 A passenger ship is a ship which carries more than 12
— tankarrangement
passengers.
— capacityplan
302 Acargoshipisanyshipwhichisnotapassengership. — bodyplan,hydrostaticcurvesortables.
303 A tanker is a cargo ship constructed or adapted for the 105 For instrumentation and automation, including compu-
carriageinbulkofliquidcargoes. terbasedcontrolandmonitoring,seePt.4Ch.9Sec.1.
DETNORSKEVERITAS
RulesforShips,January2001
Pt.3Ch.1Sec.1 – Page10
C200 Specificationsandcalculations fabrication.
201 Alllongitudinalstrengthcalculationsaretobesubmitted Protective coating is a final coating protecting the structure
withrelevantinformation: fromcorrosion.
Watertightmeans capable of preventing the passage of water
— maximumstillwaterbendingmomentsandshearforcesas
throughthestructureunderaheadofwaterforwhichthesur-
definedinSec.5B102
roundingstructureisdesigned.
— stillwaterbendingmomentlimits
— massoflightshipanditslongitudinaldistribution Weathertight means that in any sea conditions water will not
— buoyancydata penetrateintotheship.
— cargocapacityint
— cargo, ballast and bunker distribution, including maxi- D200 Generalrequirements
mummassofcargo(t)ineachcompartment. 201 Structural testing may be carried out after a protective
coatinghasbeenapplied,providedaleaktestiscarriedoutbe-
202 Information which may be necessary for local strength
foreapplicationoftheprotectivecoating.Allpipeconnections
calculations:
totanksaretobefittedbeforestructuraltesting.
— minimum and maximum ballastdraughtand correspond- Whenstructuraltestingatthebuildingberthisundesirableor
ingtrim impossible, structural testing afloat may be accepted. The
— loadondeck,hatchcoversandinnerbottom structuraltestingistobecarriedoutbyfillingeachtanksepa-
— stowagerateandangleofreposeofdrybulkcargo ratelytothetesthead.Examinationofbottomandlowerside
— maximumdensityofintendedtankcontents structuresistobemadeinemptytanksatthemaximumprac-
— heightofairpipes ticalattainabledraught.
— massofheavymachinerycomponents
202 Leak testing is to be carried out prior to the protective
— designforcesforsecuringdevicesonhatchcoversandex-
coating being applied to the welds. Shop primer may be ap-
ternaldoors
pliedtowelds.
— designforcesforcargosecuringandcontainersupports
— any other local loads or forces which will affect the hull Anefficientindicatingliquidistobeapplied,whenairisused
structure. asthetestmedium.Theairpressureistobeatamaximumof
20kN/m²andistobereducedtoasmallervaluebeforeinspec-
203 Specificationsforcorrosionpreventionsystemsforwa- tion.Inadditiontoaneffectivemeansofreadingtheairpres-
terballasttanks,comprisingselection,applicationandmainte- sure,asafetyvalve,orareliableequivalentalternative,istobe
nance,aretobesubmittedforasdefinedinSec.18. connectedtothecompartmentbeingtested.
Guidancenote:
C300 Specificpurposedocumentation
Silicatebasedshopprimermaybeappliedtoweldsbeforeleak
301 Forhullequipmentandappendages,seeCh.3.
testing.Thelayeroftheprimeristobemaximum50microns.
302 Foradditionalclassnotations,seePt.5andPt.6. Otherprimersofuncertainchemicalcompositionaretobemax-
imum30microns.
303 Forinstallationsforwhichnonotationisavailableorre-
quested, all relevant information or documentation affecting ---e-n-d---of---G-u-i-d-a-n-c-e---n-o-t-e---
hullstructuresorshipsafetyistobesubmitted.
203 For hose testing, the hose pressure is to be atleast200
kN/m2andappliedatamaximumdistanceof1.5m.Thenoz-
zleinsidediameteristobeatleast12.0mm.
D.Structural andTightness Testing
D300 Specificrequirementsforextentandtypeoftest-
ing
D100 Definitions
301 The requirements in 302 and 303 give conditions for
101 ThefollowingtermsareusedinD:
testingfor:
Structural testing is a hydrostatic test, carried out in order to
demonstrate the tightness of the tanks and the structural ade- — gravitytanksincludedindependenttanksof5m3ormore
quacy of the design. Where practical limitations prevail and incapacity
hydrostatictestingisnotfeasible,hydropneumatictestingmay — watertightorweathertightstructures.
becarriedoutinstead.
302 Leaktestingistobecarriedoutonallweldconnections
Leaktestingisanairorothermediumtest,carriedoutinorder
on tank boundaries, pipe penetrations and erection welds on
todemonstratethetightnessofthestructure.
tank boundaries except welds made by automatic processes.
Hydropneumatictestingisacombinationofhydrostaticandair Selected locations of automatic erection welds and pre-erec-
testing,carriedoutinordertodemonstratethetightnessofthe tionmanualorautomaticweldsmayberequiredtobesimilarly
tanksandthestructuraladequacyofthedesign. tested at the discretion of the surveyor taking account of the
qualitycontrolproceduresoperatingintheshipyard.
Hosetestingisawatertestcarriedouttodemonstratetightness
ofstructuralitems. 303 ExtentoftestingisgiveninTableD1.
Shopprimerisathincoatingappliedaftersurfacepreparation ForTankerforLiquefiedGas,additionalrequirementsare
andpriortofabricationasaprotectionagainstcorrosionduring giveninPt.5Ch.5.
DETNORSKEVERITAS