Hugo and Russell's pharmaceutical microbiology

486 Pages·2004·5.02 MB·English

by  W B Hugo

Hugo and Russell’s
Pharmaceutical
Microbiology
Hugo and Russell’s
Pharmaceutical
Microbiology
EDITED BY
Stephen P Denyer
B Pharm PhD FRPharmS
Welsh School of Pharmacy
Cardiff University
Cardiff
Norman A Hodges
B Pharm PhD MRPharmS
School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
Brighton University
Lewes Road
Brighton
Sean P Gorman
BSc PhD MPS
School of Pharmacy
Queen’s University Belfast
Medical Biology Centre
University Road
Belfast
SEVENTH EDITION
Blackwell
Science
© 1977, 1980, 1983, 1987, 1992, 1998, 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd
a Blackwell Publishing company
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system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
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and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
First published 1977 Italian edition 1991
Second edition 1980 Fifth edition 1992
Third edition 1983 Reprinted 1993, 1994, 1995
Reprinted 1986 Sixth edition 1998
Fourth edition 1987 Reprinted 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003
Reprinted 1989, 1991 Seventh edition 2004
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hugo and Russell’s pharmaceutical microbiology / edited by Stephen Denyer, Norman A.
Hodges, Sean P. Gorman.—7th ed.
p. cm.
Rev. ed. of: Pharmaceutical microbiology / edited by W.B. Hugo and A.D. Russell.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-632-06467-6
1. Pharmaceutical microbiology.
[DNLM: 1. Anti-Infective Agents. 2. Technology, Pharmaceutical. QV 250
H895 2004] I. Title: Pharmaceutical microbiology. II. Hugo, W. B. (William
Barry) III. Denyer, S. P. IV. Hodges, Norman A.V,. Gorman, S. P. VI.
Pharmaceutical microbiology.
QR46.5.P48 2004
615¢.1¢01579—dc22
2003024264
ISBN 0–632–06467–6
A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library
Set in Sabon 9.5/12 pt by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong
Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by Ashford Colour Press, Gosport
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Contents
Contributors, vii 11. Laboratory Evaluation of Antimicrobial
Agents, 187
Preface to Seventh Edition, ix JMB Smith
12. Mechanisms of Action of Antibiotics and
Preface to First Edition, x Synthetic Anti-infective Agents, 202
Peter Lambert
Part 1: Biology of Microorganisms 13. Bacterial Resistance to Antibiotics, 220
Anthony Smith
1. Introduction to Pharmaceutical
14. Clinical Uses of Antimicrobial Drugs, 233
Microbiology, 3
Roger Finch
Stephen Denyer, Norman Hodges and
Sean Gorman
2. Fundamental Features of Part 3: Microbiological Aspects of
Microbiology, 9 Pharmaceutical Processing
Norman Hodges
15. Ecology of Microorganisms as it Affects the
3. Bacteria, 23
Pharmaceutical Industry, 251
David Allison and Peter Gilbert
Elaine Underwood
4. Fungi, 44
16. Microbial Spoilage, Infection Risk and
Kevin Kavanagh and Derek Sullivan
Contamination Control, 263
5. Viruses, 59
Rosamund Baird
Jean-Yves Maillard and David Stickler
17. Chemical Disinfectants, Antiseptics and
6. Protozoa, 82
Preservatives, 285
Tim Paget
Sean Gorman and Eileen Scott
7. Principles of Microbial Pathogenicity and
18. Non-Antibiotic Antibacterial Agents: Mode
Epidemiology, 103
of Action and Resistance, 306
Peter Gilbert and David Allison
Stephen Denyer and A Denver Russell
19. Sterile Pharmaceutical Products, 323
Part 2: Antimicrobial Agents
James Ford
8. Basic Aspects of the Structure and Functioning 20. Sterilization Procedures and Sterility
of the Immune System, 117 Assurance, 346
Mark Gumbleton and James Furr Stephen Denyer and Norman Hodges
9. Vaccination and Immunization, 138 21. Factory and Hospital Hygiene, 376
Peter Gilbert and David Allison Robert Jones
10. Types of Antibiotics and Synthetic 22. Manufacture of Antibiotics, 387
Antimicrobial Agents, 152 Sally Varian
A Denver Russell
v
Contents
23. The Manufacture and Quality Control of 25. Additional Applications of Microorganisms in
Immunological Products, 398 the Pharmaceutical Sciences, 441
Michael Corbel Denver Russell
24. Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, 416
Miguel Cámara Index, 459
vi
Contributors
Dr David Allison Professor James Ford Dr Robert Jones
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical School of Pharmacy and Chemistry School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences
Sciences Liverpool John Moores University University of Portsmouth
University of Manchester Byrom Street St Michael’s Building
Oxford Road Liverpool L3 3AF White Swan Road
Manchester M13 9PL UK Portsmouth PO1 2DT
UK UK
Dr James Furr
Dr Rosamund Baird Welsh School of Pharmacy Dr Kevin Kavanagh
Visiting Senior Lecturer Cardiff University Head of Medical Mycology Unit
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology King Edward VII Avenue Department of Biology
University of Bath Cardiff CF10 3XF National University of Ireland
Claverton Down Wales Maynooth
Bath BA2 7AY Co. Kildare
UK Professor Peter Gilbert Ireland
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical
Dr Miguel Cámara Sciences Dr Peter Lambert
Senior Lecturer in Molecular Microbiology University of Manchester Aston Pharmacy School
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Oxford Rd Aston University
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Manchester M13 9PL Aston Triangle
University of Nottingham UK Birmingham B4 7ET
Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
UK Professor Sean Gorman
Professor of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Dr Jean-Yves Maillard
Dr Michael Corbel School of Pharmacy School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular
National Institute for Biological Standards The Queen’s University of Belfast Sciences
and Control Belfast BT9 7BL University of Brighton
Blanche Lane Northern Ireland Lewes Rd
South Mimms Brighton BN2 4GJ
Potters Bar Dr Mark Gumbleton UK
Hertfordshire EN6 3QG Welsh School of Pharmacy
UK Cardiff University Dr Tim Paget
King Edward VII Avenue Department of Biological Sciences
Professor Stephen Denyer Cardiff CF10 3XF University of Hull
Welsh School of Pharmacy Wales Hull HU6 7RX
Cardiff University UK
Cardiff CF10 3XF Dr Norman Hodges
UK Principal Lecturer in Pharmaceutical Professor A Denver Russell
Microbiology Welsh School of Pharmacy
Professor Roger Finch School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Cardiff University
Professor of Infectious Diseases Sciences King Edward VII Avenue
Clinical Sciences Building University of Brighton Cardiff CF10 3XF
University of Nottingham Lewes Road Wales
The City Hospital Brighton BN2 4GJ
Nottingham NG5 1PB UK Dr Eileen Scott
UK School of Pharmacy
The Queen’s University of Belfast
Belfast BT9 7BL
Northern Ireland
vii
Contributors
Dr Anthony Smith Dr David Stickler Dr Elaine Underwood
Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology School of Biosciences SMA Nutrition
University of Bath (5 West—2.18) Cardiff University Huntercomb Lane South
Claverton Down Main Building Taplow
Bath BA2 7AY Museum Avenue Maidenhead
UK PO Box 915 Berks SL6 0PH
Cardiff CF10 3TL UK
Professor JMB (Sandy) Smith Wales
Head of Department of Microbiology Dr Sally Varian
Otago School of Medical Sciences Dr Derek Sullivan Consultant
University of Otago Microbiology Research Unit Ulverston
Dunedin School of Dental Science Cumbria LA12 8PT
New Zealand Trinity College UK
Dublin 2
Ireland
viii
Preface to the Seventh edition
We were much honoured to be recommended by We must thank our contributors for their
Professor A.D. Russell to act as editors for the 7th willing collaboration in this enterprise, especially
edition of Pharmaceutical Microbiology. All three Professor Russell for his continuing contri-
of us have used this textbook in its various editions butions, and our publishers for their support and
throughout our careers as teachers and researchers, expertise.
and we recognize the important role it fulfils. Finally, this addition is a tribute to the farsighted-
As might be anticipated when a new editorial ness of A.D. Russell and W.B. Hugo who took up
team is in place, a substantial number of changes the challenge in 1977 to produce a popular and con-
have been made. Well over half the chapters have cise read for pharmacy students required to study
new authors or co-authors. We also use Chapter 1 pharmaceutical microbiology. We are delighted
to give a rationale for the scope and content of the that this current edition recognizes these origins by
book, emphasizing the interrelated character of the continuing the association with Hugo and Russell
discipline of pharmaceutical microbiology. In addi- in its revised title.
tion, by combining and reorganizing chapters, by
introducing new material and through a revised S.P. Denyer
page format we have tried to provide readers with a S.P. Gorman
distinctive 7th edition. N.A. Hodges
ix
Preface to the First Edition
When we were first approached by the publishers to the following pages. The editors must bear respon-
write a textbook on pharmaceutical microbiology sibility for any omissions, a point which has most
to appear in the spring of 1977, it was felt that such concerned us. Length and depth of treatment were
a task could not be accomplished satisfactorily in determined by the dictate of our publishers. It is
the time available. hoped that the book will provide a concise reading
However, by a process of combined editorship for pharmacy students (who, at the moment, lack a
and by invitation to experts to contribute to the textbook in this subject) and help to highlight those
various chapters this task has been accomplished parts of a general microbiological training which
thanks to the cooperation of our collaborators. impinge on the pharmaceutical industry.
Pharmaceutical microbiology may be defined as In conclusion, the editors thank most sincerely
that part of microbiology which has a special bear- the contributors to this book, both for complying
ing on pharmacy in all its aspects. This will range with our strictures as to the length of their contribu-
from the manufacture and quality control of phar- tion and for providing their material on time, and
maceutical products to an understanding of the our publishers for their friendly courtesy and effi-
mode of action of antibiotics. The full extent of ciency during the production of this book. We also
microbiology on the pharmaceutical area may be wish to thank Dr H.J. Smith for his advice on vari-
judged from the chapter contents. ous chemical aspects, Dr M.I. Barnett for useful
As this book is aimed at undergraduate comments on reverse osmosis, and Mr A. Keall
pharmacy students (as well as microbiologists en- who helped with the table on sterilization methods.
tering the pharmaceutical industry) we were under
constraint to limit the length of the book to retain it W.B. Hugo
in a defined price range. The result is to be found in A.D. Russell
x
Hugo and Russell’s Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Seventh Edition
Edited by Stephen P Denyer, Norman A Hodges, Sean P Gorman
Copyright © 2004 by Blackwell Science Ltd
Part 1
Biology of Microorganisms