Hughes Electrical and Electronic Technology: 10th Edition

1029 Pages·2010·11.675 MB·English

by  Hughes

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Dr Naren Gupta, Napier University
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“In terms of giving an insight into electrical and electronic engineering,
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both lecturers in the Department of Electrical, Dr Michael Lampérth, Imperial College London
Electronic and Computer Engineering at
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The late Edward Hughes was Vice Principal NT
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He was a fellow of Heriot-Watt University. a clear and comprehensive introduction to the area with balanced coverage of GL TECHNOLOGY TENTH EDITION
electrical, electronic, and power engineering. This revision has been updated to Y A
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The late Ian McKenzie Smith was formerly take into account key developments in the subject, including a new chapter on TED
Deputy Principal, Stow College, Glasgow. Electrical Energy Systems – an important addition which explores (among N E
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other engineering discipline.
Key features

New chapter on Electrical Energy Systems
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Extended chapters on: Fibreoptics; Induction Motors;
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HH UU GG HH EE SS
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY
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We work with leading authors to develop the
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HH UU GG HH EE SS
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC
TECHNOLOGY
tenth edition
EDWARD HUGHES
John Hiley, Keith Brown and
Revised by
Ian McKenzie Sm ith
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Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and Associated Companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:
www.pearsoned.co.uk
First published under the Longman imprint 1960
Tenth edition 2008
© Pearson Education Limited 1960, 2005, 2008
The right of Edward Hughes to be identified as author of this work has been asserted
in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the
publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the
Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London, EC1N 8TS.
ISBN: 978-0-13-206011-0
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hughes, Edward, 1888–
Hughes electrical and electronic technology / Edward Hughes ; revised by John Hiley,
Keith Brown, and Ian McKenzie Smith. – 10th ed.
p. cm
ISBN 978-0-13-206011-0
1. Electric engineering – Textbooks. 2. Electronics – Textbooks. I. Hiley, John.
II. Brown, Keith, 1962– III. Smith, Ian McKenzie. IV. Title.
Tk146.H9 2008
621.3–dc22
2008017741
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
12 11 10 09 08
Typeset in 10/11pt Ehrhardt MT by 35
Printed and bound by Ashford Colour Press Ltd., Gosport
··
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Short contents
Prefaces xvii 27 Microprocessors and Programs 558
28 Control Systems 590
29 Signals 603
Section 1 Electrical Principles 1
30 Data Transmission and Signals 622
31 Communications 634
1 International System of Measurement 3
32 Fibreoptics 647
2 Introduction to Electrical Systems 12
3 Simple DC Circuits 30
4 Network Theorems 61 Section 3 Power Engineering 657
5 Capacitance and Capacitors 92
6 Electromagnetism 132 33 Multiphase Systems 659
7 Simple Magnetic Circuits 147 34 Transformers 680
8 Inductance in a DC Circuit 162 35 Introduction to Machine Theory 714
9 Alternating Voltage and Current 197 36 AC Synchronous Machine Windings 736
10 Single-phase Series Circuits 222 37 Characteristics of AC Synchronous
11 Single-phase Parallel Networks 243 Machines 749
12 Power in AC Circuits 259 38 Induction Motors 760
13 Complex Notation 273 39 Electrical Energy Systems 791
14 Resonance in ACCircuits 298 40 Power Systems 835
15 Network Theorems Applied to AC Networks 321 41 Direct-current Machines 855
42 Direct-current Motors 869
43 Control System Motors 886
Section 2 Electronic Engineering 349
44 Motor Selection and Efficiency 896
45 Power Electronics 915
16 Electronic Systems 351
17 Passive Filters 358
18 Amplifier Equivalent Networks 387 Section 4 Measurements 933
19 Semiconductor Materials 407
20 Rectifiers 419 46 Electronic Measuring Instruments 935
21 Junction Transistor Amplifiers 433 47 Analogue Measuring Instruments 955
22 FET Amplifiers 464
23 Further Semiconductor Amplifiers 474 Appendix: Symbols, Abbreviations, Definitions
24 Interfacing Digital and Analogue Systems 490 and Diagrammatic Symbols 979
25 Digital Numbers 508 Answers to Exercises 984
26 Digital Systems 523 Index 995
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Contents
Prefaces xvii 3.4 Kirchhoff’s laws 42
3.5 Power and energy 49
Section 1 Electrical Principles 1 3.6 Resistivity 52
3.7 Temperature coefficient of resistance 54
3.8 Temperature rise 56
1 International System of Measurement 3
Summary of important formulae 57
Terms and concepts 58
1.1 The International System 4
1.2 SI derived units 5
1.3 Unit of turning moment or torque 6
4 Network Theorems 61
1.4 Unit of work or energy 7
1.5 Unit of power 8
1.6 Efficiency 9 4.1 New circuit analysis techniques 62
1.7 Temperature 10 4.2 Kirchhoff’s laws and network solution 62
Summary of important formulae 10 4.3 Mesh analysis 70
Terms and concepts 11 4.4 Nodal analysis 72
4.5 Superposition theorem 75
4.6 Thévenin’s theorem 77
2 Introduction to Electrical Systems 12 4.7 The constant-current generator 81
4.8 Norton’s theorem 84
4.9 Delta–star transformation 86
2.1 Electricity and the engineer 13
4.10 Star–delta transformation 87
2.2 An electrical system 13
2.3 Electric charge 15 4.11 Maximum power transfer 88
Summary of important formulae 89
2.4 Movement of electrons 15
Terms and concepts 89
2.5 Current flow in a circuit 16
2.6 Electromotive force and potential difference 16
2.7 Electrical units 17
2.8 Ohm’s law 20 5 Capacitance and Capacitors 92
2.9 Resistors 22
2.10 Resistor coding 23 5.1 Capacitors 93
2.11 Conductors and insulators 25 5.2 Hydraulic analogy 94
2.12 The electric circuit in practice 26 5.3 Charge and voltage 95
Summary of important formulae 27 5.4 Capacitance 95
Terms and concepts 28 5.5 Capacitors in parallel 96
5.6 Capacitors in series 96
5.7 Distribution of voltage across capacitors
3 Simple DC Circuits 30 in series 97
5.8 Capacitance and the capacitor 98
3.1 Series circuits 31 5.9 Electric fields 99
3.2 Parallel networks 36 5.10 Electric field strength and electric flux density 99
3.3 Series circuits versus parallel networks 41 5.11 Relative permittivity 101
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viii CONTENTS
5.12 Capacitance of a multi-plate capacitor 102
8 Inductance in a DC Circuit 162
5.13 Composite-dielectric capacitors 103
5.14 Charging and discharging currents 106
5.15 Growth and decay 107 8.1 Inductive and non-inductive circuits 163
5.16 Analysis of growth and decay 109 8.2 Unit of inductance 164
5.17 Discharge of a capacitor through a resistor 112 8.3 Inductance in terms of flux-linkages
5.18 Transients in CRnetworks 114 per ampere 166
5.19 Energy stored in a charged capacitor 119 8.4 Factors determining the inductance of a coil 169
5.20 Force of attraction between oppositely 8.5 Ferromagnetic-cored inductor in a d.c. circuit 171
charged plates 120 8.6 Growth in an inductive circuit 172
5.21 Dielectric strength 121 8.7 Analysis of growth 175
5.22 Leakage and conduction currents in 8.8 Analysis of decay 177
capacitors 122 8.9 Transients in LRnetworks 179
5.23 Displacement current in a dielectric 123 8.10 Energy stored in an inductor 182
5.24 Types of capacitor and capacitance 123 8.11 Mutual inductance 185
Summary of important formulae 126 8.12 Coupling coefficient 188
Terms and concepts 127 8.13 Coils connected in series 189
8.14 Types of inductor and inductance 191
Summary of important formulae 192
Terms and concepts 193
6 Electromagnetism 132
6.1 Magnetic field 133 9 Alternating Voltage and Current 197
6.2 Direction of magnetic field 133
6.3 Characteristics of lines of magnetic flux 133
9.1 Alternating systems 198
6.4 Magnetic field due to an electric current 134
9.2 Generation of an alternating e.m.f. 198
6.5 Magnetic field of a solenoid 135
9.3 Waveform terms and definitions 202
6.6 Force on a current-carrying conductor 136
9.4 Relationship between frequency, speed and
6.7 Force determination 138
number of pole pairs 204
6.8 Electromagnetic induction 140
9.5 Average and r.m.s. values of an alternating
6.9 Direction of induced e.m.f. 140
current 204
6.10 Magnitude of the generated or induced e.m.f. 141
9.6 Average and r.m.s. values of sinusoidal
6.11 Magnitude of e.m.f. induced in a coil 143
currents and voltages 206
Summary of important formulae 145
9.7 Average and r.m.s. values of non-sinusoidal
Terms and concepts 145
currents and voltages 211
9.8 Representation of an alternating quantity by
a phasor 212
7 Simple Magnetic Circuits 147 9.9 Addition and subtraction of sinusoidal
alternating quantities 214
7.1 Introduction to magnetic circuits 148 9.10 Phasor diagrams drawn with r.m.s.
7.2 Magnetomotive force and magnetic values instead of maximum values 216
field strength 148 9.11 Alternating system frequencies in practice 217
7.3 Permeability of free space or magnetic Summary of important formulae 218
constant 149 Terms and concepts 218
7.4 Relative permeability 151
7.5 Reluctance 153
7.6 ‘Ohm’s law for a magnetic circuit’ 153 10 Single-phase Series Circuits 222
7.7 Determination of the B/Hcharacteristic 156
7.8 Comparison of electromagnetic and 10.1 Basic a.c. circuits 223
electrostatic terms 158 10.2 Alternating current in a resistive circuit 223
Summary of important formulae 159 10.3 Alternating current in an inductive circuit 224
Terms and concepts 159 10.4 Current and voltage in an inductive circuit 226
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CONTENTS ix
10.5 Mechanical analogy of an inductive circuit 228 13.12 Parallel loads 292
10.6 Resistance and inductance in series 229 Summary of important formulae 294
10.7 Alternating current in a capacitive circuit 232 Terms and concepts 295
10.8 Current and voltage in a capacitive circuit 233
10.9 Analogies of a capacitance in an a.c. circuit 234
14 Resonance in AC Circuits 298
10.10 Resistance and capacitance in series 234
10.11 Alternating current in an RLCcircuit 236
14.1 Introduction 299
Summary of important formulae 240
14.2 Frequency variation in a series RLCcircuit 299
Terms and concepts 241
14.3 The resonant frequency of a series RLCcircuit 302
14.4 The current in a series RLCcircuit 302
14.5 Voltages in a series RLCcircuit 302
11 Single-phase Parallel Networks 243
14.6 Quality factor Q 303
14.7 Oscillation of energy at resonance 305
11.1 Basic a.c. parallel circuits 244
14.8 Mechanical analogy of a resonant circuit 306
11.2 Simple parallel circuits 244
14.9 Series resonance using complex notation 306
11.3 Parallel impedance circuits 248
14.10 Bandwidth 307
11.4 Polar impedances 252
14.11 Selectivity 309
11.5 Polar admittances 255
14.12 Parallel resonance 312
Summary of important formulae 257
14.13 Current magnification 313
Terms and concepts 257
14.14 Parallel and series equivalents 314
14.15 The two-branch parallel resonant circuit 315
Summary of important formulae 318
12 Power in AC Circuits 259
Terms and concepts 318
12.1 The impossible power 260
12.2 Power in a resistive circuit 260 15 Network Theorems Applied to AC
12.3 Power in a purely inductive circuit 261 Networks 321
12.4 Power in a purely capacitive circuit 263
12.5 Power in a circuit with resistance and 15.1 One stage further 322
reactance 264 15.2 Kirchhoff’s laws and network solution 322
12.6 Power factor 266 15.3 Nodal analysis (Node Voltage method) 329
12.7 Active and reactive currents 268 15.4 Superposition theorem 329
12.8 The practical importance of power factor 270 15.5 Thévenin’s theorem 331

12.9 Measurement of power in a single-phase 15.6 Norton’s theorem 336
circuit 271 15.7 Star–delta transformation 340
Summary of important formulae 271 15.8 Delta–star transformation 341
Terms and concepts 271 15.9 Maximum power transfer 343
Terms and concepts 344
13 Complex Notation 273
Section 2 Electronic Engineering 349
13.1 The j operator 274
13.2 Addition and subtraction of phasors 275 16 Electronic Systems 351
13.3 Voltage, current and impedance 276
13.4 Admittance, conductance and susceptance 279 16.1 Introduction to systems 352
13.5 RLseries circuit admittance 280 16.2 Electronic systems 353
13.6 RCseries circuit admittance 280 16.3 Basic amplifiers 353
13.7 Parallel admittance 281 16.4 Basic attenuators 356
13.8 Calculation of power using complex notation 285 16.5 Block diagrams 356
13.9 Power and voltamperes 286 16.6 Layout of block diagrams 357
13.10 Complex power 287 Summary of important formulae 357
13.11 Power factor improvement or correction 291 Terms and concepts 357