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How to be Critically Open-Minded – A Psychological and Historical Analysis This page intentionally left blank How to be Critically Open-Minded – A Psychological and Historical Analysis John Lambie DepartmentofPsychology,AngliaRuskinUniversity,Cambridge,UK ©JohnLambie2014 Softcoverreprintofthehardcover1stedition2014978-1-137-30104-8 Allrightsreserved.Noreproduction,copyortransmissionofthis publicationmaybemadewithoutwrittenpermission. Noportionofthispublicationmaybereproduced,copiedortransmitted savewithwrittenpermissionorinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,orunderthetermsofanylicence permittinglimitedcopyingissuedbytheCopyrightLicensingAgency, SaffronHouse,6–10KirbyStreet,LondonEC1N8TS. Anypersonwhodoesanyunauthorizedactinrelationtothispublication maybeliabletocriminalprosecutionandcivilclaimsfordamages. Theauthorhasassertedhisrighttobeidentifiedastheauthorofthiswork inaccordancewiththeCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. Firstpublished2014by PALGRAVEMACMILLAN PalgraveMacmillanintheUKisanimprintofMacmillanPublishersLimited, registeredinEngland,companynumber785998,ofHoundmills,Basingstoke, HampshireRG216XS. PalgraveMacmillanintheUSisadivisionofStMartin’sPressLLC, 175FifthAvenue,NewYork,NY10010. PalgraveMacmillanistheglobalacademicimprintoftheabovecompanies andhascompaniesandrepresentativesthroughouttheworld. Palgrave®andMacmillan®areregisteredtrademarksintheUnitedStates, theUnitedKingdom,Europeandothercountries. ISBN 978-1-349-45338-2 ISBN 978-1-137-30105-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137301055 Thisbookisprintedonpapersuitableforrecyclingandmadefromfully managedandsustainedforestsources.Logging,pulpingandmanufacturing processesareexpectedtoconformtotheenvironmentalregulationsofthe countryoforigin. AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. AcatalogrecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress. For my family This page intentionally left blank Contents ListofFiguresandTables ix Preface x Acknowledgements xiii 1 HowIsHumanProgressPossible? 1 Part I CriticalOpen-Mindedness:WhatIsIt? 2 IntroducingCriticalOpen-Mindedness 13 3 CaseStudy1:OpenandClosedMinds–ErasmusVersus Luther 29 4 PreviousApproachestoOpen-Mindedness:FromSocrates tothePresent 40 5 SummaryoftheNewModelofCriticalOpen-Mindedness 60 Part II CriticalOpen-Mindedness:WhatIsIt GoodFor? 6 EffectsofOpen-MindednessonDecisionMaking, Morality,andWell-Being 77 7 CaseStudyII:Morality–TheLevellersandReligious Toleration 92 8 CaseStudyIII:Science–GalileoandCriticalPerspective Shifting 117 Part III CriticalOpen-Mindedness: WhatUnderpinsIt? 9 HistoryofOpenandClosedSocieties 131 10 PsychologicalandBiologicalRootsofOpen-Mindedness 161 11 CaseStudyIV:SoundSelf-Awareness–JosephStalinversus JaneAusten 176 vii viii Contents Part IV ImplicationsandConclusions 12 DefendingandCultivatingCriticalOpen-Mindedness 185 13 Open-Mindedness,Science,andReligion 198 14 SummaryandConclusion 207 Notes 209 References 223 Index 234 Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 Theincreasinglyhigh,straightforeheadduringhuman evolutionsuggestsanexpansionoftheprefrontalcortex 5 1.2 The32,000-year-oldLionManStatueof Hohlenstein-Stadel(photo:J.Duckeck,Wikimedia Commons) 7 2.1 Thedifferencebetween“basic”open-mindednessand closed-mindedness 14 2.2 Criticalopen-mindednessdistinguishedfrombothbasic open-mindednessandclosed-mindedness(POV=point ofview) 18 5.1 Thekeyingredientsofcriticalopen-mindednessand dogmaticclosed-mindedness 61 5.2 Fourmodesofopen-andclosed-mindedness 64 Tables 5.1 Summaryofattitudestopointsofviewaccordingto criticalopen-mindednessanddogmatic closed-mindedness 66 6.1 TenAmericanpoliticalcrises,theiroutcomes,andthe integrativecomplexityscoreofthepresidentconcerned 84 9.1 Brown’s(1988)listofopenandclosedsocietiestillthe endoftheMiddleAges(withveryapproximatedatesin parentheses) 133 9.2 CalvinismandArminianismcontrasted 145 9.3 Elevencountriescomparedoneightputative“Open Society”indicators(2004–2013) 157 ix

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