How Nature Works: Complexity in Interdisciplinary Research and Applications

292 Pages·2014·8.312 MB·English

by  Otto E. Rössler (auth.), Ivan Zelinka, Ali Sanayei, Hector Zenil, Otto E. Rössler (eds.)

Ivan Zelinka
Ali Sanayei
Hector Zenil
Otto E. Rössler
Editors
EMERGENCE, C
COMPLEXITY
C
AND
COMPUTATION E
How Nature Works
Complexity in Interdisciplinary Research
and Applications
Emergence, Complexity and Computation
Volume 5
Series Editors
Ivan Zelinka, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
Andrew Adamatzky, Bristol, UK
Guanrong Chen, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
Editorial Board
Otto Rössler, Tübingen, Germany
Edward Ott, College Park, USA
Ajith Abraham, MirLabs, USA
Vaclav Snasel, Czech Republic
Jouni Lampinen, Finland
Emilio Corchado, Spain
Hendrik Richter, Germany
Martin Middendorf, Germany
Mohammed Chadli, France
Juan C. Burguillo, Spain
Sergej Cˇelikovsky´, Czech Republic
Donald Davendra, Czech Republic
Juan A. Rodriguez-Aguilar, Spain
Ana Lucia C. Bazzan, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Gheorghe Pa˘un, Bucharest, Romania
Linqiang Pan, Wuhan, China
Ivo Vondrák, Czech Republic
Andrew Ilachinski, USA
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/10624
Ivan Zelinka Ali Sanayei
•
Hector Zenil Otto E. Rössler
•
Editors
How Nature Works
Complexity in Interdisciplinary Research
and Applications
123
Editors
IvanZelinka HectorZenil
Faculty ofElectrical Engineering Department of Computer Science
and Computer Science Kroto Research Institute
Department of Computer Science Universityof Sheffield
VŠB-TUO Portobello
Ostrava-Poruba UK
Czech Republic
OttoE. Rössler
AliSanayei InstituteforPhysical and Theoretical
InstituteforTheoretical Physics Chemistry
Universityof Tübingen Universityof Tübingen
Tübingen Tübingen
Germany Germany
ISSN 2194-7287 ISSN 2194-7295 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-00253-8 ISBN 978-3-319-00254-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-00254-5
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013942658
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
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Preface
The book you are holding in your hands is the outcome of the ‘‘2012 Interdis-
ciplinary Symposium on Complex Systems’’ held at the beautiful Mediterranean
island of Kos of pre-and post-Socratic fame. The event was conceived as a
continuation of our series of symposia in the science of complex systems. Only
through bringing scientists and philosophers alike from different areas of modern
research together, as the organizers felt, the necessary dialogue and heat can
be generated in which a new paradigm can take a more definitive shape. The
paradigm itself—a ‘‘science of complexity’’ in a both overarching and sharply
delineatedsense—hasdifferentandoftennotconvergenttrendsbecausea‘‘single’’
definition of complexity does not exist. Perhaps, one of the main reasons for not
yethavingauniquedefinitionisduetothelackofagreementwhethercomplexity
isaninherentpropertyofNatureoritonlyappearswhenonebuildsamodelfora
given phenomenon. Accordingly, prestigious scientists and philosophers with
different points of view were brought together along with youthful budding
researchers, who jointly contributed previously unheard examples to form an
efficientenginetoproducenewwork.Senseofwonderastowhatwouldhappenin
the next talk was palpable several times. The panel discussion—not reproduced
here—did its own part in fostering a spirit offriendship and progress in spite of
differentviewpoints.Thefinishedpapersreproducedherereflectthisuniquespirit
of mental and physical cooperation across disciplines and continents.
Themotivationtopreparethisbookwasbasedonafewfacts.Themainoneis
that the research field on complexity is an interesting area that is under intensive
investigation from the viewpoint of many branches of science today. Complexity
theory with its applications can be found in biology, physics, economy, chemical
technologies, aircraft industry, job scheduling, urban planning, and others.
Complex systems and their behavior are very important in engineering, because
such behavior can be used in many interesting applications as well as in the
interdisciplinarycombinationsformingonatheoreticallevel.Thisbookiswritten
to present simplified versions of experiments and thought experiments to show
how, in principle, complexity can be put to use. Collecting different reasoned
opinions with likely different ideas and then assembling a book comprising the-
oretical physics, mathematics, engineering, and philosophy might appear odd;
nevertheless, we found that our endeavor achieved a high efficiency at arriving
v
vi Preface
atasynthesisinthismanner.Furthermore,thehistoryofsciencehasdemonstrated
that pure mathematics and physics can combine beautifully with practical engi-
neering, as the example of ‘‘the strangest man’’ shows.1
The book consists of 12 selected papers of the symposium starting with a
comprehensive overview and classification of complexity problems. Readers can
alsofindotherinterestingpapersaboutcomplexity,itsobservation,modeling,and
itsapplicationsinsolvingvariousproblems.Moreconcretely,readerswillhavean
encounter with the structural complexity of vortex flows, the use of chaotic
dynamics within evolutionary algorithms, complexity in synthetic biology, types
of complexity hidden inside evolutionary dynamics and possible controlling
methods, complexity of rugged landscapes, and more. All selected papers repre-
sentinnovativeideas,philosophicaloverviews,andstate-of-the-artdiscussionson
the aspects of complexity.
The book can be useful as an instructional material for senior undergraduate
and entry-level graduate students in computer science, physics, applied mathe-
matics,andengineering-typeworkintheareaofcomplexity.Researchers,whoare
interested how complexity and evolutionary algorithms are merged together as
wellasresearchersinterestedintheramificationsofcomplexityinvariousfieldsof
scienceanditsapplications,willfindthisbookveryusefulasasteppingstone.The
book can also be valuable as a resource of material for practitioners who want to
applycomplexitytosolvereal-lifeproblemsintheirownchallengingapplications.
Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthisbookdoesnotencompassallaspectsofcomplexity
types and fields of research due to its limited space. Only the main ideas and
results of selected papers are reported here. The authors and editors hope that
readers will be inspired to do their own experiments and simulations, based on
information reported in this book, thereby moving beyond the scope of the book.
As a token of the participants’ affection for genuine progress in the decom-
plexification of the universe, we dedicate this book to Fabiola Gianotti who bears
much responsibility for the discovery in 2012 of the Higgs Boson in fundamental
physics. At the same time, the questionstill remainsopen whetherknowingmore
about Nature can decomplexify it, or else makes it even nimbler to the fishing
mind.
January 2013 Ivan Zelinka
Ali Sanayei
Hector Zenil
Otto E. Rössler
1 Fouryearsbeforehisdeath,NielsBohrtoldacolleague thatofallthepeoplewhohadever
visited this institute, Dirac—an engineer by training—was ‘‘the strangest man’’ (cf. Graham
Farmelo’scolorfulbiographyofPaulDiracunderthistitle).
Contents
Complexity Decomplexified: A List of 2001 Results Encountered
Over 55 Years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Otto E. Rössler
The Cause of Complexity in Nature: An Analytical
and Computational Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Klaus Mainzer
Complexity Fits the Fittest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Joost J. Joosten
Rugged Landscapes and Timescale Distributions
in Complex Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
D. L. Stein and C. M. Newman
Structural Complexity of Vortex Flows by Diagram Analysis
and Knot Polynomials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Renzo L. Ricca
Two Conceptual Models for Aspects of Complex Systems Behavior. . . 101
Burton Voorhees
Toward a Computational Model of Complex
Human Systems Dynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Glenda H. Eoyang
Stochastic Complexity Analysis in Synthetic Biology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Natalja Strelkowa
vii
viii Contents
Automatic Computation of Crossing Point Numbers
Within Orthogonal Interpolation Line-Graphs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Victor J. Law, Feidhlim T. O’Neill and Denis P. Dowling
Computational Tactic to Retrieve a Complex Seismic Structure
of the Hydrocarbon Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Tatyana A. Smaglichenko, Maria K. Sayankina
and Alexander V. Smaglichenko
Controlling Complexity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Ivan Zelinka, Petr Saloun, Roman Senkerik and Michal Pavelch
Influence of Chaotic Dynamics on the Performance
of Differential Evolution Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Roman Senkerik, Donald Davendra, Ivan Zelinka
and Zuzana Oplatkova
Complexity Decomplexified: A List
of 200+ Results Encountered Over
55 Years
Otto E. Rössler
Abstract The present list was compiled by a ‘‘specialist for non-specialization’’
whooweshisscientificidentitytothemastersofthreedisciplines: physicistCarl-
Friedrich von Weizsäcker, biologist Konrad Lorenz and mathematician Bob
Rosen. With the in retrospect best findings compressed into a line or two, the
synopsis brings hidden patterns to the fore. Simultaneously, the individual results
become maximally vulnerable—so as to facilitate improvement or falsification.
1 Philosophical Preface
Descartes re-invented the rational world of Heraclitus. Specifically he asked the
following question (paraphrased): ‘‘Do the ‘assignment conditions’ that we find
ourselves glued to (the body, the Now, the qualia including color and joy) rep-
resentanacceptablestateofaffairs?’’Theansweris‘‘yes,’’Descartesproposed:if
andonlyiftheothertwoconditionsthatholdusintheirgrip—the‘‘laws’’andthe
‘‘initialconditions’’thatmomentarilyapplywithinthelaws(touseNewton’slater
terms)—are mathematically consistent. As long as this ‘‘machine conjecture’’ is
fulfilledempirically,aninfiniteprivilegeseparatestheconsciousobserverfromall
other inhabitants of the world: The others become ‘‘mere machines’’ in the
experienceofthefirst(sothathemay,forexample,doabrainoperationononeof
them to save this life). Lévinas called this state of one’s being totally outside the
other’s interior side, ‘‘exteriority’’. The subject has the option of not misusing
the infinite power of exteriority, by acting fairly towards the poor ‘‘machine’’ of
theothersoasifitpossessedasubjectivesideofitsown—eventhoughthiscannot
beprovedandindeedisabsurdtoassume(weretherenotthemiracleofthefirst’s
O.E.Rössler(&)
FacultyofScience,UniversityofTubingen,AufderMorgenstelle8,
72076Tubingen,Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
I.Zelinkaetal.(eds.),HowNatureWorks,Emergence, 1
ComplexityandComputation5,DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-00254-5_1,
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
2 O.E.Rössler
ownconsciousness).Asingleactofnotmisusingtheinfinitepowerofexteriority,
performed by the inmate of the dream of consciousness on a fellow machine,
would then put the Dream-Giving Instance to shame—unless it is benevolent
itself. The fact that this risk is being taken by the DGI is living proof—according
toDescartes—thatthechainofcolorfulsubjectiveNows,imposedonthevictimof
consciousness,isnota‘‘baddream’’.Butthisinsuranceappliesonlyaslongasthe
‘‘steel fibers’’ of the Cartesian coordinates, which Descartes had proposed to
searchfortomathematicallyfitthecolorlesssub-portionofexperience(its‘‘Hades
part’’), prove to be consistent—a machine. This empirical question endows the
studyofthesteelfiberswithmaximaldignity.IntheGreekHades,allquantitative
relations valid in our own upper world were preserved—except for the ‘‘blood’’
that endows them with color and substance. Therefore the merely relational (or
‘‘shadow’’)partofexperiencebecomesaninstrumentbywhichtodogoodtoone’s
fellowinhabitantsofthedreamwhobytheirbeingmachinesaretotallygiveninto
the dreamer’s hand, as hostages. This ‘‘exteriority theory’’ (Lévinas) endows
science with an infinite dignity—as long as it is empirically consistent. The
modern part ofthisCartesian checking task—to include quantum mechanicswith
itsindeterminismandnonlocalityasbeingexplicablebya‘‘microassignment’’in
a transfinitely exact deterministic universe—was taken up by Everett in the
footsteps of Einstein. This rational ‘‘endo’’ approach is likely to succeed in an
experiment first conceived by Susan J. Feingold and later proposed to ESA by
AntonZeilingermorethanadecadeago.(IthankAliSanayeiandIvanZelinkafor
discussions and Stephen Wolfram for encouragement.)
2 The List
Introductory sentence: This is a list of scientific findings, almost all published,
accruedovertime.Theycanbereferred-toviatheRomannumberaddedattheend
of each ‘‘twitter.’’ Later related work is filed-in so that the list is not entirely
chronological. Sometimes several points are made out of one paper to facilitate
continuation and/or criticism by the reader.
Energy-saving voice-signal proportional amplitude-modulation (made distortion-
free by negative feedback between rectified high-frequency output and low-fre-
quency input) I
Z-incision (a non-mutilating circumcision method) II
‘‘Invisible machines,’’ consisting of virtually infinitely many non-negative chem-
icalvariablesthatarealmostallzeroinitially,(witharbitrarilylongdelaysatvery
low concentrations) III
Chemical evolution is a special case: It forms an Erdös-type growing automaton
(similarly Stu Kauffman, Joel Cohen and Koichiro Matsuno) IV