Table Of ContentGreen Energy and Technology
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8059
Maria Kordjamshidi
House Rating Schemes
From Energy to Comfort Base
123
MariaKordjamshidi
IlamUniversity
FacultyofEngineering
Pajoohesh
69315-516Ilam
Iran
[email protected]
ISSN1865-3529 e-ISSN1865-3537
ISBN978-3-642-15789-9 e-ISBN978-3-642-15790-5
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-15790-5
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2010937671
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Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 WhyHouseEnergyRatingsAccomplished . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 ThePositionofPassiveArchitectureinCurrentHERS. . . . . . . 3
1.3 AConflictinHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 BookOutline–HowtoReadtheBook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 HouseRatingSchemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 HouseEnergyRatingSchemes(HERS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1.1 TheUnitedStatesofAmerica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.1.2 Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.3 Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.1.4 Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 RatingMethodologiesforBuildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 BuildingRatingFeatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 EnergyastheMainParameterforRatingBuildings . . . . . . . . 18
2.4 IssuesRelatedtoBuildingEnergyRatingSchemes . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.1 RatingandAchievementofSustainability . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.2 RatingFreeRunningBuildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4.3 RatingIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.4.4 OccupancyScenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.4.5 AccuracyofHERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 NeedforaNewIndexforAssessingBuilding
EnergyEfficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 ThermalComfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1 ThermalComfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.1 DefinitionofThermalComfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.2 HumanComfortandVariablesAffecting
ThermalComfort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.1.3 ThermalComfortModelsandStandards . . . . . . . . . . 34
v
vi Contents
3.1.4 Applicability of the Thermal Comfort Index
forNaturallyVentilatedBuildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.1.5 AdaptiveThermalComfortModelsforNaturally
Ventilated/FreeRunningBuildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.1.6 AcceptableThermalConditionsinFreeRunning
BuildingsBasedontheASHRAEStandard . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.7 Applicability of the Adaptive Comfort Model
forFreeRunningResidentialBuildings . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.2 Evaluation of a Residential Building’s Thermal
PerformanceontheBasisofThermalComfort . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2.1 ComputingDegreeHoursforFreeRunning
Houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3 IndicatorstoMeasuretheThermalPerformanceofHouses
forRatingPurposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.1 ConditionedMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.2 FreeRunningMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.3.3 HowanIndicatorPointstoBuildingEfficiency . . . . . . 46
3.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4 ModellingEfficientBuildingDesign:EfficiencyforLow
EnergyorNoEnergy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1 BuildingPerformanceEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.1.1 BuildingSimulationPrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.1.2 CriteriaforModelingtheThermalPerformance
ofBuildingsinTwoDifferentOperationModes . . . . . . 56
4.1.3 Effective Parameters for Improving Buildings
ThermalPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.2 ParametricSensitivityAnalysisofThermalPerformances
ofBuildings:AComparativeAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2.1 WhatIsSensitivityAnalysis? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2.2 ThermalPerformancesofDwellings
intheSydneyClimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.2.3 SummaryofThermalPerformanceAnalysis . . . . . . . . 100
4.3 RelationshipBetweenThermalPerformanceofBuildings
ontheBasisofEnergyandThermalComfort . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3.1 CorrelationCoefficient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4.3.2 MultivariateRegressionAnalysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5 AssemblingaHouseEnergyRatings(HER)andHouseFree
RunningRatings(HFR)Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.1 RatingBuildingThermalPerformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.1.1 HowShouldBuildingThermalPerformanceBands
BeDefinedforRating? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Contents vii
5.2 TheCombinationofTwoRatingSystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.3 HowtheNewCombinedSystemEvaluatesEfficiency . . . . . . . 125
5.4 ReliabilityoftheNewRatingSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
5.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
6 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
6.1 TheEffectofHouseEnvelopeParametersontheSeasonal
PerformanceofHousesinDifferentOperationModes . . . . . . . 131
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
List of Acronyms
HRS HouseRatingScheme
HERS HouseEnergyRatingScheme
HFRS HouseFreeRunningRatingScheme
WCED WorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment
IEA InternationalEnergyAgency
OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment
GHG GreenHouseGas
MEC ModelEnergyCode
BREDEM BuildingResearchEstablishmentDomesticEnergyModel
SAP StandardAssessmentProcedure
NHER NationalHomeEnergyRating
AECB AssociationforEnvironmentConsciousBuildings
OEE OfficeofEnergyEfficiency
MNECH ModelNationalEnergyCodeofCanada
GMI GovernmentMetricsInternational
FSDR FiveStarDesignRating
CSIRO CommonwealthScientificandIndustrialResearchOrganisation
BEP BilledEnergyProtocol
MEP MonitoredEnergyProtocol
EEM Energy-EfficientMortgages
ITC IndexofThermalCharge
GBA GovernmentBuildingsAgency
HVAC Heating,VentilationandAirConditioningSystems
ACS AdoptiveComfortStandard
DDH DegreeDiscomfortHours
HW Heavyweight
LW Lightweight
SS SingleStorey
DS DoubleStorey
ix
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 WhyHouseEnergyRatingsAccomplished
During the mid to late 1970s the energy crisis, the increase in greenhouse gas
emissions, and global warming concerns became important international issues.
The importance of these issues for the future of humanity has led to international
efforts in sustainable development. The “Brundtland Report” (1987) entitled “Our
CommonFuture”showedthateconomicgrowthattheworld’scurrentratewasnot
sustainable on ecological grounds. The report saw potential climate change as an
issue that threatened sustainable development, and recommended urgent action to
increase energy efficiency. International concern about greenhouse gas emissions
resultedintheKyotoProtocol,whichsharedthe1992UnitedNationsConvention’s
objective for reducing greenhouse gas emissions by at least 5% from 1990 levels
in the commitment period 2008–2012, with 168 countries, ratifying the protocol
(UnitedNation,1998).
However, according to the IEA (International Energy Agency, 2009), world
energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions have been increasing sig-
nificantly. At the same time the International Energy Outlook report (Energy
InformationAdministration,2009)predicts“stronggrowth”forworld-wideenergy
demanduntil2030.ThisisshowninFig.1.1.
The impact of buildings on the environment is an important component in the
considerationofsustainability.Buildingsnotonlyconsumenaturalresourcessuch
asenergyandrawmaterials,butalsoproduceharmfulatmosphericemissions.Itis
said that buildings consume one third of the world’s resources (Atkinson, 2006),
which includes approximately one third of primary energy supply (Hong et al.,
2000). That means that buildings are an important contributor to global warming
aswell.
The residential building sector is seen to be a significant contributor to energy
consumption andsubsequently togreenhouse gas emissions.Residentialbuildings
havebeenfoundtoberesponsibleforemittingabout15%ofgreenhousegasemis-
sions in OECD1 countries such as Australia (Harrington et al., 1999), US (United
1OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD),consistingof30countries.
M.Kordjamshidi,HouseRatingSchemes,GreenEnergyandTechnology, 1
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-15790-5_1,(cid:2)C Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2011
