Host-Parasite Relationships and the Yersinia Model

338 Pages·1986·13.72 MB·English

by  Dr. Akira Wake

Springer Series in Molecular Biology
Series Editor: Alexander Rich
Springer Series in Molecular Biology
Series Editor: Alexander Rich
J. F. T. Spencer, Dorothy M. Spencer, A. R. W. Smith (Eds.)
Yeast Genetics . Fundamental and Applied Aspects
Eugene Rosenberg (Ed.)
Myxobacteria . Development and Cell Interactions
Aharon Razin, Howard Cedar, Arthur D. Riggs (Eds.)
DNA Methylation . Biochemistry and Biological Significance
Terrell L. Hill
Cooperativity Theory in Biochemistry . Steady-State
and Equilibrium Systems
Roger L. P. Adams, Roy H. Burdon
Molecular Biology of DNA Methylation
Boyd Hardesty, Gisela Kramer (Eds.)
Structure, Function and Genetics of Ribosomes
Arnold W. Strauss, Irving Boime, Gunther Kreil (Eds.)
Protein Compartmentalization
Theodor Wieland
Peptides of Poisonous Amanita Mushrooms
Akira Wake, Herbert R. Morgan
Host-Parasite Relationships and the Yersinia Model
Akira Wake . Herbert R. Morgan
Host-Parasite
Relationships and the
Yersinia Model
With 86 Figures
Springer-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg
London Paris Tokyo
Dr. AKIRA WAKE Dr. HERBERT R. MORGAN
Department of Bacteriology Emeritus Prof. of Microbiology
National Institute of Health University of Rochester
10-35, Kamiosaki 2-chome School of Medicine and Dentistry
Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141 Rochester, NY
Japan USA
Series Editor:
ALEXANDER RICH
Department of Biology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.
Wake, Akira, 1927- . Host-parasite relationships and the Yersinia model.
(Springer series in molecular biology) Bibliography; p. . Includes index.
1. Host-parasite relationships. 2. Host-parasite relationships - Genetic aspects.
3. Yersinia infections. 4. Virulence (Microbiology). 5. Infection. 6. Immune
response. 7. Molecular biology. 1. Morgan, Herbert R. II. Title. III. Series.
RB153.W3341986 616.9'047 86-15584
© 1986 by Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1986
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be translated or reproduced in
any form without written permission from Springer-Verlag, 175 Fifth Avenue,
New York, New York 10010 U.S.A.
The use of general descriptive names, trade names, t.rademarks, etc., in this
publication, even if the former are not especially identified, is not to be taken
as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise
Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
2131/3130-543210
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-71346-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-71344-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-71344-6
Series Preface
During the past few decades we have witnessed an era of
remarkable growth in the field of molecular biology. In 1950 very
little was known of the chemical constitution of biological systems,
the manner in which information was transmitted from one
organism to another, or the extent to which the chemical basis of
life is unified. The picture today is dramatically different. We have
an almost bewildering variety of information detailing many
different aspects oflife at the molecular level. These great advances
have brought with them some breath-taking insights into the
molecular mechanisms used by nature for replicating, distributing
and modifying biological information. We have learned a great
deal about the chemical and physical nature of the macro
molecular nucleic acids and proteins, and the manner in which
carbohydrates, lipids and smaller molecules work together to
provide the molecular setting of living systems. It might be said
that these few decades have replaced a near vacuum of informa
tion with a very large surplus.
It is in the context of this flood of information that this series of
monographs on molecular biology has been organized. The idea is
to bring together in one place, between the covers of one book, a
concise assessment of the state of the subject in a well-defined field.
This will enable the reader to get a sense of historical perspective
what is known about the field today - and a description of the
frontiers of research where our knowledge is increasing steadily.
These monographs are designed to educate, perhaps to entertain,
certainly to provide perspective on the growth and development of
a field of science which has now come to occupy a central place in
all biological studies.
The information in this series has value in several perspectives.
It provides for a growth in our fundamental understanding of
nature and the manner in which living processes utilize chemical
materiais to carry out a variety of activities. This information is
also used in more applied areas. It promises to have a significant
impact in the biomedical field where an understanding of disease
processes at the molecular level may be the capstone which
ultimately holds together the arch of clinical research and medical
VI Series Preface
therapy. More recently in the field of biotechnology, there is
another type of growth in which this science can be used with many
practical consequences and benefit in a variety of fields ranging
from agriculture and chemical manufacture to the production of
scarce biological compounds for a variety of applications.
This field of science is young in years, but it has already become
a mature discipline. These monographs are meant to clarify
segments of this field for the readers.
Cambridge, Massachusetts ALEXANDER RICH
Series Editor
Preface
As science progresses, its pattern changes. In 1953, Watson and
Crick reported the double helix structure of DNA. I joined
research life in 1954 and was encouraged when I read The clonal
selection theory of acquired immunity published in 1957 by
F. M. Burnet. At that time (1960), as a beginner in this specialized
field I witnessed the first presentation by Professor Akiba of the
discovery of the drug-resistant (R-) factor to the Kanto Branch
Meeting of Japanese Society for Bateriology. Since then, many
excellent Japanese bacteriologists have joined in this research on
the R-plasmids, with the result that the traditional Japanese trend
to research on host-parasite relationships, founded independently
of Theobald Smith by Rokuzoh Kobayashi in the 1930's has lost
its successors.
One of Kobayashi's pupils, Dr. Masami Kurokawa, knowing
that I had begun plague research, asked me "What is the
mechanism of septicemia?" and said that although this question
has remained as enigma, plague study would offer the key to its
resolution. So I continued my isolated work on plague, a disease
extinct in Japan since 1929, until I was promoted to the chair
manship of our institute, the National Institute of Health, Tokyo.
I regret that my bench work had to be interrupted before more
effective tools of research, e.g., Southern, Western, and Northern
blotting methods and modem technology using bacterial genetics,
were introduced and could result in the more sophisticated studies
undertaken by many researchers in the U.S.A. and Europe. It now
appears to me that "catechin", of which the peptide structures and
the DNA sequences encoding its biosynthesis have been elucidated
as released from reticuloendothelial cells triggered by Yersinia
pestis organisms, might well be the mechanism of the septicemic
form of plague (see Nature 320: 184, 1986).
However, I do not regret having been able to work without the
restriction of the Biohazard Regulation Rules, which were only
recognized as important at the end of the 1970's in Japan. Thus, I
believe it was possible for me to seize the "essence" of the concept:
"Host-parasite relationships" during my years of research.
VIII Preface
Dr. Konrad F. Springer kindly suggested the possibility ofthis
publication when I visited Heidelberg in 1980. My thanks go
to staff of Springer-Verlag, Dr. Philip C. Manor in particular.
Mrs. Akemi Matsumoto, a friend since 1949, has devoted her time
and efforts to preparing the typewritten drafts of my manuscript
which were corrected and rearranged repeatedly thanks to the
cooperative suggestions of my co-author, Herbert R. Morgan.
The latter lives far from Tokyo in Maryland, U.S.A. although we
have seen each other several times on the occasion of international
congresses. This book is thus the result of a real international
friendship.
AKIRA WAKE, M.D.
Acknowledgments. We gratefully acknowledge Dr. Emil Weiss, Uniformed
Services Medical School, Bethesda, Maryland 20014, US.A. for providing us
with the manuscript of summarized description of Rickettsiae, which is used
in Part I of this book. We also thank Dr. Willard T. Chametzky, Department of
Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33431,
U.S.A. for helping us by reviewing and giving valuable advice for the
improvement of Part III of this book.
Contents
Part I Virulence Factors and Their Genetic Control
Chapter 1 Microorganisms . 3
Chapter 2 Host-Parasite Relationship 9
Chapter 3 Localization of Virulence Determinants . 12
Chapter 4 Superficial Infection With or Without
Toxinogenesis . 16
Example 1: Corynebacterium diphtheriae 16
Example 2: Vibrio cholerae and
Enterotoxinogenic Escherichia coli 21
Chapter 5 Exudative (Partially Invasive) Infections 35
Example 1: Staphylococcus aureus 35
Example 2: Shigella dysenteriae 42
Chapter 6 Invasive (Penetrating) Infections
(Except Yersiniosis) 50
Viruses. 52
Rickettsiae 54
Bacteria 57
Example 1: Spirochetes . 57
Example 2: Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 59
Example 3: Salmonella. 64
Example 4: Listeria monocytogenes . 72
Chapter 7 Summary . 76
Part II Defense Mechanisms of Host Against Infection
Chapter 1 Recognition by the Immune System 82
Chapter 2 The Mechanisms for Maintenance
of Self-Integrity . 86
Chapter 3 Superficial Defense. 90
Skin. 90
Cornea. 93
Mucous Membranes 93
X Contents
Chapter 4 The Role of Body Temperature:
Fever and Reduced Iron . . . . . . . . . . 96
Chapter 5 The Defensive Role of Normal Microbial Flora 106
Chapter 6 The Nonspecific Humoral Components. 115
Complement System . . . . . . . 116
Transferrin and Lactoferrin . . . . 120
Cytokines Including Prostaglandins,
Thromboxans, and Leukotrienes . 124
Interferon (IFN). . . . . . . 128
Chapter 7 Specific Humoral Components:
Immunoglobulins . . . . . . . . . .. 131
Structures ofImmunoglobulins . . . .. 131
Biological Characteristic and Time Course
of Each Class of Antibody Production .. 135
Chapter 8 Genesis and Distribution of Cellular Components
with Defensive Functions. . . . 138
Polymorphonuclear Cells (PMN) 140
Basophils and Mast Cells . 140
Eosinophils (Acidophils) . . . . 140
Mononuclear Cells. . . . . . . 141
Lymphocytes and Their Functions 142
Dendritic Cells (DC). . . . . . 144
Platelet. . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Chapter 9 Extracellular and Intracellular Destruction
of Microorganisms. . . . . . . . 147
Reticuloendothelial Systems (RES) . 147
Phagocytosis . . . . . . . . . 147
Endocytosis. . . . . . . . . . 148
Mechanisms for the Destruction
of Microorganisms. . . . . . . 149
Chapter 10 Inflammation, as a Defense Mechanism. 159
Reaction of Blood Vessels . . . . . . 159
Dynamics of Leukocytes in Inflammation. 161
Result of Inflammation. . . . . . . .. 163
Chapter 11 Genetic Regulation of Defense Mechanisms:
Cell-Mediated Immunity in Particular .. 164
T-Cell-Mediated Intracellular Destruction
of Listeria Monocytogenes 166
Chapter 12 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173