Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control

1600 Pages·2011·10.03 MB·English

by  C. Glen Mayhall

F O U RT H E D I T I O N
HOSPITAL
EPIDEMIOLOGY
AND INFECTION
CONTROL
C. Glen Mayhall, MD, FIDSA, FSHEA
Professor
Division of Infectious Diseases
Department of Internal Medicine
Healthcare Epidemiologist
The University of Texas Medical Branch Health System
The University of Texas Medical Branch
Galveston, Texas
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hospital epidemiology and infection control / editor, C. Glen Mayhall. — 4th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-60831-300-6
ISBN-10: 1-60831-300-X
1. Nosocomial infections—Prevention. 2. Nosocomial infections—Epidemiology. 3. Cross
infection--Prevention. I. Mayhall, C. Glen.
[DNLM: 1. Cross Infection—epidemiology. 2. Cross Infection—prevention & control.
3. Bioterrorism. 4. Infection Control—methods. WX 167]
RA969.H635 2012
614.4'4—dc23
2011015849
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With tremendous gratitude to all of my colleagues and
authors who have made the commitment and worked
so hard to provide excellent chapters for the four editions
of this book.
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PREFACE FOR THE FOURTH EDIT I O N
Once again, I appreciate the opportunity to edit the Fourth environmental cultures was included, because when cul-
Edition of Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control. ture of the environment is indicated, the best data can be
The Fourth Edition has 104 chapters prepared by 184 obtained when appropriate techniques are used to obtain
authors. It has the most changes between editions com- the samples. The chapter on elements of design of the built
pared to those between the First and Second Edition and environment is intended to be a companion chapter to the
those between the Second and Third Edition. Nineteen chapter on prevention of infections related to construc-
chapters from the Third Edition were retired, and ten new tion. Inclusion of a chapter on antimicrobial stewardship
chapters were added to the Fourth Edition. The authors of relates to the increasing resistance of healthcare-associ-
the chapters on computer fundamentals and on the per- ated microorganisms and the need for defi ned programs to
sonal computer collaborated on a single chapter for the prevent antimicrobial resistance. The fi rst two chapters in
Fourth Edition entitled “Using the Personal Computer for Section XIII provide an excellent background for the chap-
Healthcare Epidemiology.” A chapter on meta-analysis was ter on antimicrobial stewardship.
added to Section I, and another new chapter in this sec- Many chapters in this edition have new coauthors and
tion integrates the information from the other chapters in several chapters have been revised or rewritten by an
the section to provide the reader with a useful approach entirely new set of authors.
to study design and data analysis. This author cites other A new feature for the Fourth Edition is that only 15 to
chapters in the section by page number. 20 key references are located at the end of the chapters in
Once again, my good friend and colleague, Dr. David the printed book while all references cited in the chapters
Birnbaum, provided guidance and direction on revision of are online. The numbers for the references that are only
Section II on Healthcare Quality Improvement. I particularly online are italicized in the text whereas the numbers for
appreciate his suggestion on adding a chapter on working the references printed at the end of the chapters are not
with the media on public communication. italicized in the text.
Other new chapters include mechanisms of biofi lm As for all of the editions of this reference text, my goal
formation in staphylococci, microbiologic sampling of the has been, and is, to bring together many of our colleagues
environment in healthcare facilities, antimicrobial steward- with particular areas of expertise in Healthcare Epide-
ship, and elements of design in the built environment of miology and other experts in related fi elds to provide a
the healthcare facility. Biofi lms have been recognized to comprehensive and up-to-date reference text that the
be of importance in infections related to inanimate mate- reader will fi nd useful in the daily practice of Healthcare
rials and devices inserted into patients. The chapter on Epidemiology.
v
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C O N T R I B U T O R S
Joseph H. Abramson, BSc, MB, Jeffrey D. Band, MD David Birnbaum, PhD, MPH
BCh Director, Infectious Diseases and Adjunct Professor
Emeritus Professor of Social International Medicine University of British Columbia School
Medicine Corporate Epidemiologist of Population and Public Health
Hebrew University-Hadassah School William Beaumont Hospital University of British Columbia School
of Public Health and Community Royal Oaks, Michigan of Nursing
Medicine Clinical Professor of Medicine University of Victoria School of
Jerusalem, Israel Wayne State School of Medicine Health Information Science
Detroit, Michigan Principal
Joel Ackelsberg, MD Applied Epidemiology
Medical Director, BT Coordinator Judene M. Bartley, MS, MPH, Manager
Bureau of Communicable Disease CIC Washington State Department of
New York City Department of Health Vice President, Epidemiology Health, Healthcare Associated
and Mental Hygiene Consulting Services, Inc. Infections Program
New York, New York Beverly Hills, Michigan Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada
Stuart P. Adler, MD Sara T. Beatrice, PhD
Professor of Pediatrics Assistant Commissioner Stephanie R. Black, MD, MSc
Virginia Commonwealth University Public Health Laboratory Medical Director
Medical College of Virginia New York City Department of Health Acute Disease Surveillance
Richmond, Virginia and Mental Hygiene Communicable Disease Program
New York, New York Chicago Department of Public
Katherine Allen-Bridson, RN, Health
BSN, CIC Susan E. Beekmann, RN, MPH Assistant Professor of Medicine
Division of Healthcare Quality Department of Internal Medicine Rush University Medical Center
Promotion University of Iowa Carver College of Chicago, Illinois
Centers for Disease Control and Medicine
Prevention Iowa City, Iowa Mary Anne Bobinski, JD, LLM
Atlanta, Georgia Dean and Professor
Debra Berg, MD Faculty of Law
Anucha Apisarnthanarak, MD Medical Director University of British Columbia
Associate Professor Healthcare Emergency Preparedness Vancouver, British Columbia,
Division of Infectious Diseases Program Canada
Thammasat University Bureau of Communicable Disease
Hospital New York City Department of Health Walter W. Bond, MS
Pratumthani, Thailand and Mental Hygiene Consultant Microbiologist
New York, New York RCSA, Inc.
Lennox K. Archibald, MD, PhD Lawrenceville, Georgia
Hospital Epidemiologist Ronald G. Berglund, MPH
Division of Infectious Diseases Masters of Public Health Marc J.M. Bonten, MD, PhD
College of Medicine University of Michigan Department of Medical Microbiology
University of Florida Ann Arbor, Michigan University Medical Center Utrecht
Gainesville, Florida Assistant Professor Health Care at Utrecht, The Netherlands
Central Michigan University
Matthew J. Arduino, MS, DrPH Director of Quality at Dexter Susan E. Boruchoff, MD
Acting Chief Research Center, Inc. Professor of Medicine
Clinical and Environmental Saline, Michigan Division of Infectious Diseases
Microbiology Branch Robert Wood Johnson Medical
Division of Healthcare Quality Dennis C.J.J. Bergmans, MD, PhD School
Promotion Internist/Intensivist Hospital Epidemiologist
Centers for Disease Control and Department of Intensive Care Robert Wood Johnson University
Prevention Maastricht University Medical Center Hospital
Atlanta, Georgia Maastricht, The Netherlands New Brunswick, New Jersey
vii
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viii CONTRIBUTORS
Jason E. Bowling, MD David P. Calfee, MD, MS Eva P. Clontz, Med
Assistant Professor Associate Professor of Medicine School of Medicine
Department of Medicine/Division of Weill Cornell Medical College University of North Carolina at
Infectious Diseases Chief Hospital Epidemiologist Chapel Hill
University of Texas Health Science New York Presbyterian Hospital Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Center at San Antonio Weill Cornell Campus
San Antonio, Texas New York, New York Sara E. Cosgrove, MD
Hospital Epidemiologist University John Hopkins University
Health System Anne-Marie Chaftari, MD Baltimore, Maryland
San Antonio, Texas Instructor
Department of Infectious Diseases, Kent B. Crossley, MD
Patrick J. Brennan, MD Infection Control and Employee VA Medical Center
Professor of Medicine Health Education Service
Senior Vice President and Chief The University of Texas M. D. Minneapolis, Minnesota
Medical Offi cer Anderson Cancer Center
Penn Medicine Houston, Texas Burke A. Cunha, MD, MACP
University of Pennsylvania Health Professor of Medicine
System Eyad Cheikh, MD State University of New York School
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Fellow in Infectious Diseases of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine, Stony Brook, New York
Barbara A. Brown-Elliott, MS, Division of Infectious Diseases Chief, Infectious Disease Division
MT(ASCP)SM Carilion Roanoke Memorial Winthrop-University Hospital
Research Assistant Professor Hospital Mineola, New York
Microbiology Supervisor Roanoke, Virginia
Mycobacteria/Nocardia Laboratory Cheston B. Cunha, MD
The University of Texas Health Carol E. Chenoweth, MD Department of Medicine
Science Center Clinical Professor Brown University Alpert School of
Tyler, Texas Division of Infectious Diseases Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine Rhode Island Hospital & The Miriam
Kristina Bryant, MD Department of Epidemiology Hospital
Associate Professor of Pediatrics Hospital Epidemiologist Providence, Rhode Island
Pediatric Infectious Diseases University of Michigan Health
University of Louisville School of System Inger K. Damon, MD, PhD
Medicine Ann Arbor, Michigan Chief, Poxvirus and Rabies Branch
Hospital Epidemiologist Centers for Disease Control and
Kosair Children’s Hospital Tom M. Chiller, MD, MPHTM Prevention
Louisville, Kentucky Deputy Chief Atlanta, Georgia
Mycotic Diseases Branch
John P. Burke, MD National Center for Emerging and Titus L. Daniels, MD, MPH
Professor of Medicine Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Assistant Professor of Medicine
University of Utah School of Centers for Disease Control and (Infectious Diseases)
Medicine Prevention Vanderbilt University School of
Chief Adjunct Assistant Professor Medicine
Department of Clinical Epidemiology Department of Infectious Diseases Associate Hospital Epidemiologist
and Infectious Diseases Emory University School of Vanderbilt University Medical Center
Information Healthcare Medicine Hospital Epidemiologist
Salt Lake City, Utah Atlanta, Georgia Williamson Medical Center
Nashville, Tennessee
Jose Cadena, MD David C. Classen, MD, MS
Assistant Professor Associate Professor Rabih O. Darouiche, MD
Department of Medicine, Infectious Department of Internal Medicine Professor
Diseases University of Utah Department of Physical Medicine and
University of Texas Health Science Salt Lake City, Utah Rehabilitation
Center at San Antonio (UTHSCSA) Baylor College of Medicine
Medical Director, Infection Control Kerry O. Cleveland, MD Houston, Texas
Acting Chief, Infectious Diseases Associate Professor of Medicine
Department of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Whitni B. Davidson, MD
South Texas Veterans Healthcare Science Center Centers for Disease Control and
System Methodist Healthcare of Memphis Prevention
San Antonio, Texas Memphis, Tennessee Atlanta, Georgia
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CONTRIBUTORS ix
Michael D. Decker, MD, MPH Pamela S. Falk, MPH Michael S. Gelfand, MD
Adjunct Professor of Preventative Director Healthcare Epidemiology Professor of Medicine
Medicine University of Texas Medical Branch University of Tennessee, Memphis
Vanderbilt University School of Hospitals and Clinics Memphis, Tennessee
Medicine Galveston, Texas
Nashville, Tennessee Dale N. Gerding, MD
Vice President Paul D. Fey, PhD Hines VA Hospital
Scientifi c and Medical Affairs Associate Professor Hines, Illinois
Sanofi Pasteur Department of Pathology and
Swiftwater, Pennsylvania Microbiology Angella M. Goetz, RN, MNEd,
University of Nebraska Medical CIC
Markus Dettenkofer, MD, Prof. Center Infection Preventionist
Dr. Med. Omaha, Nebraska Special Pathogens Laboratory
Head, Division of Hospital Infection Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Control John P. Flaherty, MD
Assistant Medical Director Professor of Medicine Suzanne P. Goodrich, MD
Institute für Umweltmedizin und Northwestern University Feinberg Fellow
Krankenhaushygiene School of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases
University Medical Center Division of Infectious Diseases Indiana University School of
Freiburg, Germany Chicago, Illinois Medicine
Indianapolis, Indiana
Herbert L. DuPont, MD Ursula Flückiger, MD
Chief, Internal Medicine Professor of Infectious Diseases and Justin V. Graham, MD, MS
Service Internal Medicine Chief Medical Information Offi cer
St. Luke’s Episcopal Hospital Faculty of Medicine NorthBay Health System
Professor and Director University of Basel Fairfi eld, California
Center for Infectious Diseases Basel, Switzerland Assistant Clinical Professor of
Professor of Epidemiology Head of Infectious Diseases Medicine
The University of Texas-Houston Zentrum für Innere Medizin Department of Medicine
School of Public Health Hirslanden Klinik Aarau University of California, San
The Baylor College of Medicine H. Aarau, Switzerland Francisco
Irving Schweppe, Jr., M.D. San Francisco, California
Chair in Internal Medicine and Vice Patricia M. Flynn, MD, MS
Chairman Member John N. Greene, MD
Department of Medicine Department of Infectious Diseases Chief, Infectious Diseases and
Mary W. Kelsey Chair of Medical St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Hospital Epidemiology
Sciences Professor Moffi tt Cancer Center
The University of Texas-Houston Departments of Pediatrics and Professor of Internal Medicine and
Medical School Preventative Medicine Oncological Sciences
Houston, Texas University of Tennessee Health University of South Florida College of
Science Center Medicine
Marlene L. Durand, MD Memphis, Tennessee Tampa, Florida
Massachusetts Eye & Ear
Infi rmary Gary L. French, MD Margaret A. Hamburg, MD
Boston, Massachusetts Professor Commissioner
Infectious Diseases Services U.S. Food and Drug Administration
Winfried Ebner, MD St. Thomas’ Hospital
Institute für Umweltmedizin und London, England, United Kingdom Stephan I. Harbarth, MD, MS
Krankenhaushygiene Associate Hospital Epidemiologist
Department of Environmental Health Kathleen M. Gallagher, DSc MPH Associate Professor of Medicine
Sciences National Center for Immunizations Attending Physician in Geriatric and
Freiburg, Germany and Respiratory Diseases General Infectious Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Geneva University Hospitals
Martin E. Evans, MD Prevention Geneva, Switzerland
Professor of Infectious Diseases Division of Viral Diseases
University of Kentucky School of Atlanta, Georgia Alan R. Hauser, MD, PhD
Medicine Associate Professor
Associate Medical Director Aditya H. Gaur, MD Departments of Microbiology/
Infection Control and Prevention Assistant Member Immunology and Medicine
University of Kentucky Healthcare Department of Infectious Diseases Northwestern University
Enterprise St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital Chicago, Illinois
Lexington, Kentucky Memphis, Tennessee
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x CONTRIBUTORS
David K. Henderson, MD William R. Jarvis, BS, MD Amy Beth Kressel, MD
Deputy Director for Clinical Care Jason and Jarvis Associates, LLC Associate Professor of Clinical
Clinical Center Hilton Head Island, South Carolina Medicine
National Institutes of Health Clinical Director, Division of
Bethesda, Maryland Joseph F. John Jr., MD Infectious Diseases
Ralph H. Johnson Medical Center Indiana University School of Medicine
Loreen A. Herwaldt, MD Charleston, South Carolina Medical Director, Infection Control
Professor of Internal Medicine Indiana University Hospital
UI Carver College of Medicine Stuart Johnson, MD Indianapolis, Indiana
Professor of Epidemiology Hines VA Hospital
UI College of Public Health Hines, Illinois Stephen B. Kritchevsky, PhD
Hospital Epidemiologist Professor
University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics Jennie Johnstone, MD Internal Medicine/Gerontology and
Iowa City, Iowa Assistant Professor Geriatric Medicine
Department of Medicine Director
Angela L. Hewlett, MD, MS McMaster University Sticht Center on Aging
Assistant Professor Infectious Disease Physician Deputy Director
Section of Infectious Diseases Department of Medicine Translational Science Institute
Department of Internal Medicine Hamilton Health Sciences Wake Forest University School of
University of Nebraska Medical Center (Juravinski Hospital) Medicine
Omaha, Nebraska Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Winston-Salem, North Carolina
Jennifer Ho, MBBS, MPH+TM Keith S. Kaye, MD, MPH Marjorie Kruvand, PhD
Doctor Professor of Medicine Assistant Professor
National University Hospital Singapore Wayne State University School of School of Communication
Singapore, Singapore Medicine Loyola University Chicago
Corporate Director Chicago, Illinois
Karen K. Hoffmann, RN, BSN, MS Infection Prevention, Hospital
Preeta K. Kutty, MD, MPH
Clinical Instructor Epidemiology and Antimicrobial
Medical Epidemiologist
Division of Infectious Disease Stewardship
Division of Viral Diseases,
Associate Director Detroit Medical Center and Wayne
Epidemiology Branch
NC Statewide Program for Infection State University
Centers for Disease Control and
Control and Epidemiology Detroit, Michigan
Prevention
University of North Carolina School
Atlanta, Georgia
of Medicine Thomas J. Kirn, MD, PhD
Chapel Hill, North Carolina Assistant Professor
Marcelle Layton, MD
Department of Pathology &
Assistant Commissioner, Bureau of
John Holton, MD Laboratory Medicine
Communicable Disease
Department of Bacteriology Department of Medicine (Infectious
New York City Department of Health
Windeyer Institute of Medical Sciences Disease)
and Mental Hygiene
College Royal Free and University Associate Director
New York, New York
London Medical School Microbiology Laboratory
London, England, United Kingdom Robert Wood Johnson University
Ingi Lee, MD, MSCE
Hospital
Assistant Professor of Medicine
Teresa C. Horan, MPH New Brunswick, New Jersey
University of Pennsylvania School of
Division of Healthcare Quality
Medicine
Promotion Matthew D. Koff, MD, MS
Division of Infectious Diseases
Centers for Disease Control and Assistant Professor in Anesthesiology
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Prevention Critical Care Medicine and
Atlanta, Georgia Emergency Medicine Daniel P. Lew, MD
Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Department of Infectious Diseases
Nordiah A. Jalil, MD, MSc Dartmouth Medical School University of Geneva Hospitals
Professor Lebanon, New Hampshire Geneva, Switzerland
Department of Medical Microbiology
& Immunology Andreas M. Kogelnik, MD, PhD W. Matthew Linam, MD, MS
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Director Instructor
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Open Medicine Institute Department of Pediatrics
Infection Control Doctor Mountain View, California University of Arkansas for Medical
Infection Control Unit Consulting Assistant Professor Sciences
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Stanford University School of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Section
Medical Centre Medicine Arkansas Children’s Hospital
Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Stanford, California Little Rock, Arkansas
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