Hormones and Brain Plasticity (Oxford Series in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology)

505 Pages·2009·8.05 MB·English

by  Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura

Hormones and Brain Plasticity
Oxford Series in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology
Series Editors
Gregory F. Ball, Jacques Balthazart, and Randy J. Nelson
Hormones and Brain
Plasticity
LUIS MIGUEL GARCIA-SEGURA
1
2009
1
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Copyright © 2009 by Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Garcia-Segura, Luis Miguel.
Hormones and brain plasticity / Luis Miguel Garcia-Segura.
p. ; cm.—(Oxford series in behavioral neuroendocrinology ; 1)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-19-532661-1 (cloth : alk. paper)
1. Neuroendocrinology. 2. Neuroplasticity. I. Title.
II. Series. [DNLM: 1. Brain—physiology. 2. Neuronal Plasticity—physiology.
3. Aging—physiology. 4. Brain—growth & development.
5. Hormones—physiology. WL 300 G216h 2009]
QP356.4.G37 2009
612.8—dc22
2008042771
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
on acid-free paper
To my mentor, Alfredo Carrato Ibáñez (1911–1994)
For his gift of the light of science in times of deep darkness
In memoriam
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments xiii
Chapter 1 Hormones and the Mutable Brain 3
Introduction: Endocrine Glands, Brain Plasticity, Homeostasis,
Allostasis, and Homeodynamics 3
Th e Nervous System is in a Constant State of Remodeling: Cellular
Plasticity and Cellular Replacement 8
Th e Classic Concept of Brain Plasticity: Cajal’s Heritage 11
Cellular Replacement: A New Concept 15
Role of Hormones on Brain Mutability: Plasticity
and Metaplasticity 16
Chapter 2 Brain Plasticity Regulates Hormonal Homeodynamics 21
Introduction: Brain Plasticity Regulates the Activity of Endocrine
Glands 21
Neuroglial Remodeling Associated with Hormonal Secretion by
Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurons 23
Neuroglial Remodeling in the Neurohypophysis 29
Neuroglial Remodeling Associated with Parvocellular
Hypothalamic Neurons 30
Neuroglial Remodeling in the Median Eminence 34
Brain Plasticity and the Control of Hormonal Homeodynamics:
A Recapitulation 41
Chapter 3 H ormonal Infl uences on Brain Plasticity: I. Melatonin,
Th yroid Hormones and Corticosteroids 43
Introduction: A Large Variety of Hormones Regulate Brain
Plasticity 43
vii
viii Contents
Hormones or Paracrine Factors? 47
Melatonin 48
Th yroid Hormones 51
Stress, Corticosteroids, and Brain Plasticity 53
Chapter 4 Hormonal Infl uences on Brain Plasticity:
II. Sex Hormones 65
Introduction: Sex Hormones and Brain Remodeling 65
Th e First Evidences 65
Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Synaptic and Glial
Remodeling in the Arcuate Nucleus 69
Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Synaptic Remodeling
in the Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus 78
Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Synaptic Remodeling
in the Hippocampus 79
Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Glial Remodeling
in the Hippocampus 86
Regulation by Estradiol and Progesterone of Adult
Neurogenesis 88
Role of Brain Estradiol Synthesis in the Regulation of Synaptic
Plasticity and Neuronal Replacement 91
Androgens, Synaptic Plasticity, and Cellular Replacement
in the Song System of Songbirds 96
Androgens and Synaptic Plasticity in Motoneurons 98
Androgens, Synaptic plasticity, and Cellular Replacement
in the Mammalian Brain 99
Chapter 5 Hormonal Infl uences on Brain Plasticity: III. Peptide
Hormones 105
Introduction: Peptide Hormones as Regulators of Brain
Remodeling 105
Vasopressin and Oxytocin 106
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone and Urocortins 108
Prolactin 111
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone 112
Insulin 113
Growth Hormone/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I 118
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Synaptic Plasticity 120
Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Adult Neurogenesis 122
Interactions of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I and Estradiol in the
Regulation of Brain Plasticity 125
Erythropoietin 131
Angiotensin 133
Contents ix
Feeding Hormones: Leptin, Ghrelin and Glucagon-Like
Peptide-1 134
Hormonal Infl uences on Brain Plasticity: Recapitulation
of the Chapters 3, 4 and 5 139
Chapter 6 Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: Early
Hormonal Infl uences on Brain Mutability 141
Introduction: Hormonal Imprinting of the
Nervous System 141
Hormonal Orchestration of Neural Development
during Prenatal Life 145
Th yroid Hormones 145
Sex Hormones 147
Enduring Eff ects of Prenatal Stress 151
Peptide Hormones 154
Hormonal Regulation of Brain Mutability during Early
Postnatal Life 156
Metamorphosis in Vertebrates 156
Th yroid Hormone Regulation of Postnatal Brain Development
in Non-Metamorphic Vertebrates 158
Gonadal Hormones 159
Stress Hormones 169
Peptide Hormones 171
Early Hormonal Infl uences on Brain Mutability:
Recapitulation 174
Chapter 7 Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: Th e Transition
from Childhood to Adulthood 177
Introduction: Prepubertal Maturation, Puberty, and
Adolescence 177
Brain Remodeling during the Transition from Childhood to
Adulthood 178
Hormones as Regulators of Brain Plasticity during Prepubertal
Maturation, Puberty, and Adolescence 182
Brain Remodeling as a Cause of Hormonal Changes
during Puberty 186
Chapter Summary 190
Chapter 8 Life Stages, Hormones, and Brain Remodeling: Adult
Reproductive Life 193
Introduction: Hormonal Regulation of Brain Plasticity
during Adult Life 193