Hormone Metabolism and Signaling in Plants

600 Pages·2017·12.601 MB·English

by  Jiayang Li, Chuanyou Li and Steven M Smith (Auth.)

Hormone Metabolism
and Signaling in Plants
Jiayang Li
Chuanyou Li
Steven M Smith
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List of contributors
Bin Cai Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Zhi Juan Cheng Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
Yi Chen Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Jinfang Chu National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics
and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Shuang Fang National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics
and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Jian Feng State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and
Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
Xiangdong Fu Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Xiuhua Gao Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China
Zhizhong Gong China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Hongwei Guo South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen,
China; Peking University, Beijing, China
Zhenpeng Guo Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Dongdong Hao South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen,
China; Peking University, Beijing, China
Zuhua He Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,
Shanghai, China
Yuxin Hu Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
xii List of contributors
Zhaoyun Jiang Peking University, Beijing, China
Jing Bo Jin Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Chuanyou Li Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China
Jia Li Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
Jiayang Li Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China
Jigang Li China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Lin Li Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China
Chun-Ming Liu Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China;
Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
Biao Ma Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China
Li-Jia Qu Peking University, Beijing, China
Shi-Chao Ren Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Baoshuan Shang Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Yiting Shi State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China
Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Steven M. Smith Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Xiu-Fen Song Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Yi Su Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
Xiangzhong Sun South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen,
China; Peking University, Beijing, China
Bing Wang Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China
Haijiao Wang Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
List of contributors xiii
Ruozhong Wang Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
Xuelu Wang Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
Yonghong Wang Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Zhuoyun Wei Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
Yaorong Wu Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China
Langtao Xiao Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
Shitou Xia Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
Daoxin Xie Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Qi Xie Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China
Peiyong Xin National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics
and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Chun Yan Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
Shuhua Yang State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, China
Agricultural University, Beijing, China
Qingzhe Zhai Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China
Jin-Song Zhang Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Xian Sheng Zhang Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
Yingying Zhang Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Shanghai, China
Jian-Min Zhou Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Beijing, China
Jianru Zuo State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Genetics and
Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
About the editors
Jiayang Li
Dr. Jiayang Li was awarded the Degree of Bachelor of Agronomy from Anhui
Agricultural University in 1982, the Degree of Master of Science from the Institute
of Genetics and Developmental Biology (IGDB) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
(CAS) in 1984, and PhD in Biology from Brandeis University, United States, in 1991.
After completing his postdoctoral research in the Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell
University, Dr. Li was recruited as a Professor of plant molecular genetics by IGDB
in 1994. Dr. Li’s laboratory is mainly interested in the molecular genetics of higher
plant development, with a focus on the biosynthesis and action of plant hormones,
including auxin, brassinosteroid, and strigolactones. Dr. Li has made seminal contri-
butions to establishing forward genetics approaches to understand rice growth and to
improve rice yield and quality through rational design, with his achievements receiv-
ing worldwide attention from scientific websites and public media. His achievements
have also been widely recognized by scientists, and his publications have been high-
lighted in commentaries and cited by review articles, making him a Thomson-Reuters
Highly Cited Researcher in the field of Plant and Animal Sciences in 2014. Dr. Li
served as the Director General of IGDB from 1999 to 2004, Vice President of CAS
from 2004 to 2011, and President of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
and Vice Minister of Agriculture for the People’s Republic of China from 2011 to
2016. Dr. Li was elected a Member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2001,
a Fellow of The World Academy of Sciences in 2004, a Foreign Associate of the
US National Academy of Sciences in 2011, a Member of the German Academy of
Sciences Leopoldina in 2012, a Foreign Member of the European Molecular Biology
Organization in 2013, and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 2015.
Chuanyou Li
Dr. Chuanyou Li received his PhD in Genetics at the Institute of Genetics, Chinese
Academy of Sciences (CAS) in 1999. He did his postdoc training from 1999 to 2003
in the DOE-Plant Research Laboratory at Michigan State University. Since 2003, he
serves as a professor and group leader at the State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics,
Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, CAS. Research in the Chuanyou
Li laboratory is aimed at understanding the action mechanisms of jasmonate, which
plays vital roles in regulating plant immunity and a wide range of developmental pro-
cesses. Dr. Li and his colleagues found that the long-distance mobile signal in reg-
ulating systemic plant immunity is jasmonate, rather than the peptide systemin. He
led more than 60 Chinese scientists to take part in the International Tomato Genome
xvi About the editors
Consortium and successfully decoded the genome of tomato, a unique model system
for plant immunity and fruit biology. He connected the PLETHORA stem cell tran-
scription factor pathway to jasmonate signaling and illustrated a molecular frame-
work for jasmonate-induced regulation of root growth through interaction with the
growth hormone auxin. His laboratory has a long-term focus on the transcriptional
mechanism of MYC2, a basic helix-loop-helix protein that regulates diverse aspects
of jasmonate responses. He found that the turnover of MYC2 stimulates its transcrip-
tion activity, revealing an “activation by destruction” mechanism to regulate plant
stress response and adaptive growth. He also linked MYC2 to the MED25 subunit of
the Mediator complex in the transcription machinery. He has published more than 80
research papers in journals such as Nature, Nature Genetics, PNAS, Plant Cell, and
PLoS Genetics, which received more than 4000 citations. Dr. Li serves as editor for
several international journals including Molecular Plant, Plant Molecular Biology,
and Annals of Botany.
Steven M Smith
Steven Smith began his scientific career as a technician in the Botany Department at
Rothamsted Experimental Station in the United Kingdom, where he conducted bio-
assays of auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. He later completed a Master’s degree
studying cytokinin action in tissue culture cells at Indiana University, United States,
under the mentorship of Carlos O. Miller, the discoverer of kinetin and of organogen-
esis mediated by auxin and cytokinin. After his PhD at Warwick University, United
Kingdom, and postdoctoral studies at CSIRO in Canberra, Australia, during which
time he conducted research on the biosynthesis of chloroplast proteins, he was a lec-
turer in molecular biology at the Edinburgh University, United Kingdom, for 20 years,
studying plant metabolism and development. He was awarded an Australian Research
Council Federation Fellowship and moved to the University of Western Australia in
2005 where he was a founding member of the Australian Research Council Centre
of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology. There he discovered the mode of action of
karrikins and made important contributions to research on strigolactones, brassino-
steroids, and auxins. He has been Visiting Professor at the Institute of Genetics and
Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, since 2013. He took up a new
position at the University of Tasmania in 2015 and was recognized as a Thomson-
Reuters Highly Cited Researcher in Plant and Animal Sciences in 2016.
Foreword
The first plant hormones were discovered around the middle of the 20th century,
including auxin, gibberellic acid, ethylene, cytokinin, and abscisic acid. Subsequently
several more have been discovered, including brassinosteroids, salicylic acid, jasmo-
nates, and, most recently, strigolactones. In addition, there are many peptides that
behave as hormones.
It is now recognized that plant hormones play central roles in every aspect of plant
growth, development, and physiology. They often operate in concert to orchestrate
complex developmental programs and to integrate plant responses to multiple envi-
ronmental factors. These modes of action underpin the very high level of plasticity
observed in plants and hence contribute to the extraordinary evolutionary success of
plant life on earth.
For humans the impact of plant hormones is profound. Through domestication and
selection, humans bred crop varieties that we now know carry particular hormone-
related traits that provide many benefits, including increased yields of food and other
products. The domestication of grasses to create cereals and corn provides an excellent
example. In the 1960s and 1970s, the breeding of dwarf varieties of wheat and rice
increased cereal and grain production dramatically as a direct result of the selection
of mutants compromised in their response to gibberellin. This was described as the
“green revolution.” In the 1950s and 1960s, the discovery that auxin and cytokinin
could be used to drive undifferentiated plant cells to regenerate into whole plants
triggered another plant biotechnology revolution, which led to the ability of making
transgenic plants. Today, the rapid increase in our understanding of plant hormone
biology offers the opportunity for continued advances in agriculture.
This new book edited by Jiayang Li, Chuanyou Li, and Steven M Smith reflects
not only the biological importance of plant hormones but also their strategic impor-
tance in future plant and food production. All the authors are based in China, and have
been participants in a major 8-year program funded by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China. The Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology and Ministry
of Agriculture have also invested heavily in new programs and key laboratories to sup-
port such fundamental research in China. This investment by the Chinese Government
is an acknowledgment of the importance of plant hormone research. Most of the senior
authors have gained previous research experience in North America, Europe, and
other Asia-Pacific countries, before returning to China. This book is therefore rooted
in the international research community and is aimed at the international community
of scientists and students.
xviii Foreword
The hormones discussed are organic chemicals that function exclusively as signals
in the co-ordination of plant growth, development, and physiology, and defense. This
book does not directly discuss chemical signals that are generated by cells as a result
of their core metabolic activities, such as reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide. Nor
does it provide any specific focus on inorganic ions such as calcium and nitrate, which,
although providing essential signaling functions in plants, have a wide range of other
roles. A third group of signaling chemicals that are not discussed in detail are metab-
olites such as sugars, amino acids, and polyamines because again, although they may
have vital signaling functions and some are transported between tissues and organs of
the plant, they have other primary functions.
Although numerous hormones have been discovered, there are very likely many
more, as discussed by Smith et al. (Chapter 1). For example, the full range of peptides
that contribute to plant development and physiology has not yet been fully appreci-
ated, as discussed by Song et al. (Chapter 11). There is also an increasing awareness
of the importance of microRNA molecules in signaling and control mechanisms, and
these are discussed in the context of hormone signaling throughout the book.
There have been tens of thousands of research papers published on the subject
of plant hormones, and hundreds of reviews. There are also excellent texts on plant
hormones, which provide important perspectives and foundations. The focus of this
book is on the biosynthesis and signaling mechanisms of the major hormones, and
it discusses the latest research in a rapidly advancing field. Spectacular advances in
technology, from increasingly sophisticated “omics” approaches to live imaging from
subcellular to organismal scales, have transformed our understanding of plant hor-
mone biology. The authors of this book have contributed to this transformation.
Each of nine hormone types is considered in a separate chapter (Chapters 2–10),
with the first introductory chapter providing an overview of hormone functions (Smith
et al., Chapter 1). Peptide hormones are also discussed in detail (Song et al., Chapter 11).
One further chapter provides a discussion specifically of hormone function in
stem cells, because of their critical importance in plant growth and development
(Cheng et al., Chapter 12). Two further chapters provide overviews of assay and
imaging systems for plant hormones using advanced biological principles (Su et al.,
Chapter 13) and analytical chemistry methods (Fang et al., Chapter 14). The main
focus of the discussion is on molecular mechanisms and relates extensively to research
in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana, and increasingly in rice. This work pro-
vides the essential foundation for future research directed at diverse crop species, and
more widely at understanding how hormones can be deployed to address the challenge
of increasing the production of food and plant products in a changing environment.
This book provides a valuable reference work for those contributing to this import-
ant endeavor.
Ottoline Leyser
Sainsbury Laboratory
Cambridge University, UK
January 2017
Hormone function in plants 1
Steven M. Smith1,2, Chuanyou Li1, Jiayang Li1
1Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, Beijing, China; 2University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
Summary
There are many endogenous signaling and regulatory molecules which can influence the
growth, development and physiology of plants. Hormones are produced specifically for
signaling. They are often transported from sites of synthesis to distant sites of action and
they operate at very low concentrations. In contrast, some other chemicals may provide
signals, but it may not be their main function or activity, such as primary metabolites,
reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inorganic ions, and they often act locally within indi-
vidual cells. The hormone family includes auxins, cytokinins (CK), gibberellins (GA),
abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene (ETH), brassinosteroids (BR), strigolactones (SL), sal-
icylic acid (SA), jasmonates (JA), and peptides. They are synthesized from common
metabolic precursors, but use specialized pathways, and their production is very strictly
controlled, both spatially and temporally. All hormones influence multiple aspects of
plant function, and they influence the synthesis and actions of each other. The interactions
between hormones, environmental signals, and developmental programs are so complex
that the description and modeling of the whole system is very challenging. Some hor-
mone receptors are membrane anchored (CK, ETH, BR, and peptides) while others are
soluble (auxin, GA, ABA, SA, jasmonic acid (JA), and SL). Co-receptor complexes are
formed during perception of hormones including auxin (with IAA/AUX transcriptional
repressor proteins), JA (with JAZ transcriptional repressor proteins), and ABA (with
phosphoprotein phosphatase PPC2). Hormone perception can lead to signal transduc-
tion through protein phosphorylation cascades (e.g., ABA, CK, BR, and peptides). Other
hormone-receptor complexes trigger interaction with F-box proteins and ubiquitination
enzymes that target proteins such as transcriptional repressors for degradation by the 26S
proteasome (e.g., auxin, GA, SA, JA, and SL). Such signaling changes protein activi-
ties and gene transcription, with consequent changes to plant development and physiol-
ogy. The effects of hormones are so profound that through breeding and agrochemical
approaches in the 20th century, they gave us high-yielding, nutritious and resilient crops.
In the 21st century we look to plant hormones to help meet the increasing demand for
food production under ever-more challenging environmental conditions.
1.1 The nature of hormones
1.1.1 Hormones and signals
Since the discovery of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid in the 1930s, many endoge-
nous signaling and regulatory molecules have been discovered, and more are yet to be
discovered. There is great diversity among this array of signaling molecules, which
Hormone Metabolism and Signaling in Plants. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-811562-6.00001-3
Copyright © 2017 Jiayang Li, Chuanyou Li and Steven Smith. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.