Table Of ContentSauter_FM_144064-X 3/21/05 3:12 PM Page i
A COMPLETE GUIDE TO
UNDERSTANDING, PREVENTING,
AND SURVIVING TERRORISM
M A R K A . S A U T E R
Chief Operations Officer
Chesapeake Innovation Center
J A M E S J A Y C A R A F A N O
Senior Fellow for Defense and Homeland Security
The Heritage Foundation
MCGRAW-HILL
New York / Chicago / San Francisco / Lisbon / London / Madrid / Mexico City
Milan / New Delhi / San Juan / Seoul / Singapore / Sydney / Toronto
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Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in
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In memory of those who perished on 9/11
and in honor of the men and women fighting
to ensure such an attack never happens again.
****
To Julia, Vanessa, and Kane—
whose love and patience made this book possible.
Mark A. Sauter
Diane and Luke—
whose love and patience made this book possible.
James Jay Carafano
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION Every American Has a Role in Homeland Security xiii
P A R T 1
HOW WE GOT HERE FROM THERE:THE EMERGENCE OF
MODERN HOMELAND SECURITY
CHAPTER 1 Homeland Security:The American Tradition 3
Chapter Overview 3
Chapter Learning Objectives 4
The Earliest Days:Securing Borders and Coasts 4
Threats from Within 5
The New Great Power Faces Foreign Threats 9
World War I:Defense against Sabotage 9
World War II 11
The Cold War 13
The Threat of Shadow War 14
The Emerging Threat to America’s Homeland 16
Chapter Summary 18
Chapter Quiz 19
Notes 19
CHAPTER 2 The Rise of Modern Terrorism:The Road to 9/11 23
Chapter Overview 23
Chapter Learning Objectives 24
v
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Twenty-First Century Terrorism 24
Global Goals 25
A Sophisticated, Worldwide Organization 26
Effects of Twenty-First Century Terrorism 31
Highly Efficient Attack 35
Threat of Weapons of Mass Destruction 35
Chapter Summary 37
Chapter Quiz 38
Notes 38
CHAPTER 3 The Birth of Modern Homeland Security:The National Response
to the 9/11 Attacks 41
Chapter Overview 41
Chapter Learning Objectives 42
The Response to Twenty-First Century Terrorism 42
Taking the Offensive 42
International Cooperation 46
Defensive Efforts 48
Chapter Summary 57
Chapter Quiz 57
Notes 57
PP AA RR TT 22
UNDERSTANDING TERRORISM
CHAPTER 4 The Mind of the Terrorist:Why They Hate Us 63
Chapter Overview 63
Chapter Learning Objectives 63
Defining Terrorism 64
Why Terrorism 66
Types of Terrorist Groups 73
Suicide Terrorism 78
The Drive for Mass Destruction 80
Chapter Summary 81
Chapter Quiz 81
Notes 82
CHAPTER 5 Al-Qaida and Other Islamic Extremist Groups:Understanding
Fanaticism in the Name of Religion 85
Chapter Overview 85
Chapter Learning Objectives 86
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The Muslim World 86
Ideology of Terrorism 89
Common Front against the West 97
Islamic Terrorist Groups 100
Chapter Summary 100
Chapter Quiz 100
Notes 100
CHAPTER 6 The Transnational Dimensions of Terrorism:The Unique Dangers
of the Twenty-First Century 103
Chapter Overview 103
Chapter Learning Objectives 104
America in a Globalized World 104
Defining Transnational Terrorism 105
Current Threat 112
Profiles of Significant International Terrorist Groups 114
Chapter Summary 114
Chapter Quiz 114
Notes 114
CHAPTER 7 Domestic Terrorist Groups:The Forgotten Threat 117
Chapter Overview 117
Chapter Learning Objectives 118
The Enemy Within 118
Defining Domestic Terrorism 118
The Incidence of Domestic Terrorism 119
Prevalence of Domestic Terrorism 121
Profiles of Significant Domestic Terrorist Groups and Extremist Movements 123
Evolving Threat 129
Chapter Summary 131
Chapter Quiz 131
Notes 131
CHAPTER 8 Terrorist Operations and Tactics:How Attacks Are Planned
and Executed 133
Chapter Overview 133
Chapter Learning Objectives 134
Terrorist Planning 134
The Terrorist Organization 136
Terrorist Support Operations 139
Phases of a Terrorist Attack 140
Terrorist Operations 142
Chapter Summary 151
Chapter Quiz 151
Notes 152
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viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 9 Weapons of Mass Destruction:Understanding the Great Terrorist
Threats and Getting beyond the Hype 153
Chapter Overview 153
Chapter Learning Objectives 154
Weapons to Worry About 154
Chemical 155
Biological 161
Radiological 168
Nuclear 172
High-Yield Explosives 176
Chapter Summary 178
Chapter Quiz 179
Notes 179
CHAPTER 10 The Digital Battlefield:Cyberterrorism and Cybersecurity 187
Chapter Overview 187
Chapter Learning Objectives 187
The Threat 188
Insider Attacks 188
Outsider Attacks 189
Cyberattacks 190
Terrorist Use of Cyberspace 192
The Current State of Defenses 193
Protecting Your Business 199
Prospects for the Future 202
Chapter Summary 203
Chapter Quiz 203
Notes 203
P A R T 3
HOMELAND SECURITY:ORGANIZATION,STRATEGIES,
PROGRAMS,AND PRINCIPLES
CHAPTER 11 Homeland Security Roles,Responsibilities,and Jurisdictions:
Federal,State,and Local Government Responsibilities 209
Chapter Overview 209
Chapter Learning Objectives 210
The New Normalcy 210
The National Concept of Protecting the Homeland 210
Organizing for Domestic Security 211
Federal 212
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CONTENTS ix
The Role of the Congress 230
State and Local Governments 231
Chapter Summary 233
Chapter Quiz 234
Notes 234
CHAPTER 12 America’s National Strategies:The Plans Driving the War on
Global Terrorism and What They Mean 237
Chapter Overview 237
Chapter Learning Objectives 238
What Is a Strategy? 238
National Security Strategy 240
National Strategy for Combating Terrorism 241
National Strategy to Combat Weapons of Mass Destruction 243
National Military Strategy 244
National Strategy for Homeland Security 245
National Strategy for the Physical Protection of Critical Infrastructures and
Key Assets 248
National Strategy to Secure Cyberspace 249
National Money Laundering Strategy 250
National Drug Control Strategy 250
Assessing the National Strategies 251
Chapter Summary 258
Chapter Quiz 259
Notes 259
CHAPTER 13 Domestic Antiterrorism and Counterterrorism:The New Role for
States and Localities and Supporting Law Enforcement Agencies 261
Chapter Overview 261
Chapter Learning Objectives 262
The Front Lines of Terrorism 262
Jurisdictions and Responsibilities 263
State and Local Planning 263
Response 278
Chapter Summary 280
Chapter Quiz 281
Notes 281
CHAPTER 14 Critical Infrastructure Protection and Key Assets:Protecting
America’s Most Important Targets 283
Chapter Overview 283
Chapter Learning Objectives 283
Lifeblood of the U.S.Economy 284
Means for Protecting Critical Infrastructure 286
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Types of Critical Infrastructure 290
Chapter Summary 304
Chapter Quiz 304
Notes 304
CHAPTER 15 Incident Management and Emergency Management:Preparing for
When Prevention Fails 307
Chapter Overview 307
Chapter Learning Objectives 307
Thinking ...and Experiencing the Unthinkable 308
The Emergency Response Challenge 308
Management of Domestic Incidents 310
The All-Hazards Approach 314
Principles and Components of Emergency Management 315
Emergency Management Systems and Operations 316
The Future of National Domestic Incident Management 321
Challenges for State and Local Government Emergency Operations Planning 325
Chapter Summary 328
Chapter Quiz 328
Notes 329
CHAPTER 16 Business Preparedness,Continuity,and Recovery:Private-Sector
Responses to Terrorism 331
Chapter Overview 331
Chapter Learning Objectives 331
New World of Disorder 332
Definitions and Standards 333
Changing Business Environment:The Usama Effect 334
Legal Issues 334
Planning for the Worst 336
Supply Chain Security 345
Physical Security 346
Information Technology Continuity and Recovery 347
Chapter Summary 348
Chapter Quiz 348
Notes 348
CHAPTER 17 Public Awareness and Personal and Family Preparedness:
Simple Solutions,Serious Challenges 351
Chapter Overview 351
Chapter Learning Objectives 352
