Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

660 Pages·2010·4.9 MB·English

by  Peter Longerich

HOLOCAUST
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H O L O C A U S T
The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews
PETER LONGERICH
1
3
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp
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Publisher’s Acknowledgements
The publishers would like to extend their especial thanks to Professor Jeremy
NoakesforhiseditorialcontributiontothepreparationoftheEnglisheditionof
thisbook.
Acknowledgements
Itwouldbeimpossibletolistbynameallthefriends,colleagues,andotherpeople
whoinonewayoranotherhavecontributedtothewritingofthisbook.
I will therefore restrict myself to thanking the many archivists and librarians
whohave helped me,as well as allmycolleagues, bothin Germanyandabroad,
who have given me the opportunity to discuss various sections of the book and
someoftheargumentstobefoundwithinitatvariousconferences,lectures,and
seminars.Infact,IwouldliketothankeveryonewithwhomIhavediscussedthis
subject,inwhatevercontext,overtheyears.
Thewholeprojectwouldhavebeenimpossiblewithoutthegenerousassistance
of the German Department of Royal Holloway College, who once again gener-
ouslygavemeleavefrommyregularacademicduties.Iwouldliketothankallmy
colleagues and students, in particular Maire Davies and Bill Jones. A ten-month
research residency at the International Research Centre of the Israeli Centre for
RemembranceandResearchatYadVashemprovedparticularlyenlightening,for
whichIamverygratefultoIsraelGutman,whowasatthattimethedirectorofthe
institute.IwouldalsoliketothanktheFacultyofSocialSciencesattheUniversität
derBundeswehrinMunich,inparticularMichaelWolffsohnandMerithNiehuss,
towhomIsubmittedtheoriginalversionofthisbookasmypost-doctoralthesis.
Thewholeprojectwouldhavebeenimpossiblewithoutthegenerousassistance
oftheGermanDepartmentandtheSchoolofModernLanguages,Literature,and
Culture of Royal Holloway College. I would like to thank all my colleagues and
students.InparticularIwouldliketoexpressmydeepgratitudetoJeremyNoakes
withoutwhomtheEnglisheditionwouldnotexist.
LondonandMunich,November2009
Contents
Abbreviations ix
Introduction 1
HistoricalBackground:Anti-SemitismintheWeimarRepublic 10
PART I RACIAL PERSECUTION, 1933–1939
1. TheDisplacementoftheJewsfromPublicLife,1933–1934 29
2. SegregationandComprehensiveDiscrimination,1935–1937 52
3. InterimConclusions:TheRemovalofJewsfromGermanSociety,
theFormationoftheNationalSocialist‘People’sCommunity’,
anditsConsequencesforJewishLifeinGermany 70
4. TheIntensificationoftheRacialPersecutionofNon-JewishGroups
bythePoliceApparatus,1936–1937 90
5. ComprehensiveDeprivationofRightsandForcedEmigration,late
1937–1939 95
6. ThePoliticsofOrganizedExpulsion 123
PART II THE PERSECUTION OF THE JEWS, 1939–1941
7. ThePersecutionofJewsintheTerritoryoftheReich,1939–1940 133
8. GermanOccupationandthePersecutionoftheJewsinPoland,
1939–1940/1941:TheFirstVariantofa‘TerritorialSolution’ 143
9. Deportations 151
viii Contents
PART III MASS EXECUTIONS OF JEWS IN THE
OCCUPIED SOVIET ZONES, 1941
10. LayingtheGroundforaWarofRacialAnnihilation 179
11. TheMassMurderofJewishMen 192
12. TheTransitionfromAnti-SemiticTerrortoGenocide 206
13. EnforcingtheAnnihilationPolicy:ExtendingtheShootings
totheWholeJewishPopulation 219
PART IV GENESIS OF THE FINAL SOLUTION ON A
EUROPEAN SCALE, 1941
14. PlansforaEurope-WideDeportationProgrammeaftertheStartof
Barbarossa 259
15. Autumn1941:BeginningoftheDeportationsandRegional
MassMurders 277
16. TheWannseeConference 305
PART V THE EXTERMINATION OF THE EUROPEAN
JEW, 1942–1945
17. TheBeginningoftheExterminationPolicyonaEuropeanScalein1942 313
18. TheFurtherDevelopmentofthePolicyofExterminationafterthe
Turning of the War in 1942–1943: Continuation of the Murders
andGeographicalExpansionoftheDeportations 374
Conclusion 422
Notes 436
Bibliography 573
Index 627
Abbreviations
AA AuswärtigesAmt(ForeignMinistry)
Abt. Department
ADAP AktenzurDeutschenAuswärtigenPolitik
AdV AlldeutscherVerband
AGK ArchivumGlównejKomisjiBadaniaZbrodniHitlerowskich
wPolsce
AOK ArmyHighCommand
APL ArchivumPanstwowewLublinie
Aufl. Edition
BAB BundesarchivBerlin
BAM Bundesarchiv/Militärarchiv
Batl. Battalion
Bd. volume
BDC BerlinDocumentCentre
BdO CommanderoftheOrderPolice
BdS CommanderoftheSecurityPolice
BHSt.A BayerischesHauptstaatsarchiv
Biuletyn BiuletynGlownejKomisjiBadaniaZbrodniHitlerowskich
wPolsce
BLI BulletinLeoBaeckInstitute
BT BerlinerTageblatt
CDJC CentredeDocumentationJuiveContemporaine
CdZ HeadoftheCivilAdministration
CEH CentralEuropeanHistory
CV CentralvereindeutscherStaatsbürgerjüdischenGlaubens
(CentralAssocationforCitizensoftheJewishFaith)