Table Of ContentHollow Fibers and Nanofibers
in Membrane Science
Hollow Fibers and Nanofibers
in Membrane Science
Preparation, Characterization, and Applications
edited by
Alberto Figoli
Mir Saeed Seyed Dorraji
Francesco Galiano
Published by
Jenny Stanford Publishing Pte. Ltd.
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#06-01, United Square
Singapore 307591
Email: [email protected]
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Hollow Fibers and Nanofibers in Membrane Science: Preparation,
Characterization, and Applications
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ISBN 978-981-4968-03-4 (Hardcover)
ISBN 978-1-003-25663-2 (eBook)
Contents
Preface
1. An Intro duction to Hollow Fiber Membranes xii1i
Francesco Galiano and Alberto Figoli
1.1 General Consideration on Membranes 2
1.2 Brief History of Hollow Fibers 4
1.3 Hollow Fibers in Membrane Science 5
1.4 Market 8
2. 1Pr.5e paraFtiuotnu raen dO uCthlaoroakc terization of Polymeric
9
Hollow Fibers by Phase-Inversion Techniques 17
Francesco Galiano, Francesca Russo, and Alberto Figoli
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Preparation of Hollow Fibers by Spinning
Process 18
2.3 Techniques Employed for the Preparation of
Polymeric Hollow Fibers 20
2.4 Dope Solution and Spinning Parameters 25
2.4.1 Effect of Dope Solution Composition 25
2.4.1.1 Polymer concentration 25
2.4.1.2 Solvent 27
2.4.1.3 Additives 28
2.4.2 Effect of Dope Solution Viscosity 30
2.4.3 Effect of Spinning Parameters 33
2.4.3.1 Polymer solution flow rate 33
2.4.3.2 Bore fluid type and flow rate 34
2.4.3.3 Air gap 36
2.4.4 Effect of the Coagulation Bath 37
2.4.5 Effect of the Post-Treatments 39
2.4.6 Effect of Hollow Fiber Shape 41
2.5 Polymers Used 44
vi Contents
2.6 Characterization of Hollow Fiber Membranes 48
2.6.1 Microscopy Techniques 49
2.6.2 Pore Size and Pore-Size Distribution 50
2.6.2.1 Bubble point method 50
2.6.2.2 Mercury intrusion
porosimetry method 51
2.6.2.3 Liquid–liquid porometry
method 51
2.6.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry 51
2.6.4 Fourier Transform Infrared 52
2.6.5 Contact Angle 52
2.6.6 Mechanical Properties 54
3. P2r.7e paraCtioonnc alunsdi oCnh aarnadc tFeuritzuarteio Pne orsf pPeocltyimveesr ic
54
Nanofibers by Electrospinning 63
Sergio Santoro, Javier Aragón, and Efrem Curcio
3.1 Introduction 64
3.2 Electrospinning Process 65
3.3 Electrospinning Approaches for Electrospun
Membrane Fabrication 69
3.3.1 Single Spinneret Electrospinning 69
3.3.2 Coaxial and Triaxial Electrospinning 69
3.3.3 Nanofiber Alignment 70
3.3.4 Multi-Spinneret Electrospinning 72
3.3.5 Melt Electrospinning 73
3.3.6 Three-Dimensional Electrospun
Membrane 75
3.3.7 Inorganic and Mixed Matrix
Nanofiber Membranes 76
3.3.8 Post-Treatment Techniques 78
3.3.8.1 Heat-press treatment 78
3.3.8.2 High-energy irradiation 78
3.3.8.3 Chemical depositions 79
3.3.8.4 Coating 79
3.4 Scale-Up for Industrial Production 79
Contents vii
3.5 Features of Electrospun Membranes and
Surface Modifications 80
3.6 Electrospun Membrane Characterization 82
3.6.1 Morphological Characterization 82
3.6.2 Structural Properties 84
3.6.3 Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Character 87
3.7 Applications of Electrospun Membrane 89
3.7.1 Electrospun Membrane in Air and
Water Filtration 89
3.7.2 Electrospun Membrane in Desalination 92
4. 3Pr.8e paraCtioonnc alunsdi oCnh aracterization of Inorganic
94
Hollow Fibers 109
Soudeh Almaie, Mir Saeed Seyed Dorraji, and
Hoda Daneshvar
4.1 Introduction 110
4.2 Structure of Inorganic Hollow Fiber
Membranes 111
4.3 Ceramic Hollow Fiber Membranes 114
4.3.1 Perovskite Oxide Hollow Fiber
Membranes 114
4.3.2 Zeolite Hollow Fiber Membranes 118
4.3.3 Metal-Organic Framework Hollow
Fiber Membranes 122
4.4 Carbon Family Fiber Membranes 127
4.5 Characterization Techniques 132
5. 4Pr.6e paraCtioonnc alunsdi oCnh aarnadc tFeuritzuarteio Onu otflo Mokix ed Matrix
136
Hollow Fibers 143
Hoda Daneshvar and Mir Saeed Seyed Dorraji
5.1 Introduction to Mixed Matrix Membranes 144
5.2 Filler/Polymer Interface Morphology 147
5.3 Inorganic Fillers in Hollow Fiber MMMs 148
5.3.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks 149
5.3.2 Zeolites 153
5.3.3 Carbon-Based Fillers 154
5.3.4 Metal Oxide and Metal Nanoparticles 157
viii Contents
5.4 Fabrication of MMMs 159
5.5 Characterization of Hollow Fiber MMMs 161
6. 5H.o6l low FCiobnecrlsu isni oMni cro- and Ultrafiltration
165
Processes of the Agrofood Production 173
C. Conidi and A. Cassano
6.1 Introduction 174
6.2 Clarification of Fruit Juices 175
6.3 Wine and Beer Processing 186
6.4 Milk and Whey Processing 192
6.5 Agrofood Wastewaters Processing 194
7. 6H.o6l low FFiubteurrse f oOru Rtleovoekr se Osmosis
200
and Nanofiltration 209
Jincai Cai and Tai-Shung Chung
7.1 Reverse Osmosis and Hollow Fiber
Membranes 210
7.1.1 Mechanism of Reverse Osmosis 210
7.1.2 Early Development of Hollow
Fiber RO Membranes 212
7.1.3 Recent Developments in Hollow
Fiber RO Membranes 228
7.2 Nanofiltration and Hollow Fiber Membranes 234
7.2.1 Mechanism of Nanofiltration 234
7.2.2 Development of Hollow
Fiber NF Membranes 235
7.2.2.1 Phase-inversion NF hollow
fibers 236
7.2.2.2 TFC and TFN NF hollow fibers 244
7.2.2.3 Organic solvent NF hollow
fibers 249
7.2.2.4 NF hollow fibers prepared
from other methods 252
7.2.3 Challenges in NF Hollow Fiber
Membranes Fabrication 256
Contents ix
8. Fiber-based Membrane Distillation for
Desalination and Wastewater Treatment 269
F. Macedonio and A. Criscuoli
8.1 Introduction 270
8.2 Membrane Distillation Configurations 271
8.3 Wastewater Treatment 274
8.3.1 Commercial 274
8.3.2 Research 281
8.4 Seawater Treatment 288
8.4.1 Commercial 288
9. Hollow F8i.b4e.2r MeRmesberaarncehs for Gas Separation 239049
Elisa Esposito, Marcello Monteleone, Alessio Fuoco,
Mariagiulia Longo, and Johannes C. Jansen
9.1 Introduction 310
9.2 Hollow Fibers for Gas Separation Processes 312
9.2.1 Air Separation 313
9.2.2 Biogas Upgrading 314
9.2.3 Natural Gas Treatment 316
9.2.3.1 Natural gas sweetening:
CO2/CH4 and CH4/H2S
separation 316
9.2.3.2 Helium separation from
natural gas 318
9.2.4 H2 Recovery 319
9.2.5 Flue Gas Purification 321
9.2.6 Facilitated Transport Membranes
for Olefin/Paraffin Separation 323
9.3 General Concepts of HF Membrane Preparation 325
9.3.1 Dual-Layer Asymmetric Hollow Fiber 326
9.3.1.1 To create different outside
coagulation conditions 327
9.3.1.2 Spinning to prepare TFCs in
a single operation 328
9.3.1.3 Multi-layer TFC-HF 329
9.3.1.4 TFCs by dip coating and
dynamic coating 331
