Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews

408 Pages·2004·2.32 MB·English

by  Shlomo Aronson

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Hitler,theAllies,andtheJews
This book offers a new analysis of the Holocaust as a multiple trap,
its origins, and its final stages, in which rescue seemed to be possible.
WiththeHolocaustdevelopinglikeasortofdoomsdaymachinesetin
motionfromallsides,theJewsfoundthemselvesbetweenthehammer
andvariousanvils,eachofwhichworkedaccordingtothelogiccreated
bytheNazisthatdictatedthebehaviorofotherpartiesandtherelations
betweenthembeforeandduringtheHolocaust.Theinterplaybetween
thevariouspartiescontributedtothevictims’doomfirstbypreventing
helpandlaterbypreventingrescue.Thesehelpandrescueeffortsproved
mainlyself-defeating,andvariouslegaciesaboutthememergedduring
the Holocaust and are heatedly debated even today. Their real nature
isuncoveredhereonthebasisofnewlyopenedarchivesworldwide.
ShlomoAronsonisaprofessorofPoliticalScienceattheHebrewUni-
versityofJerusalem.Hehaswrittenandeditednumerousbooksonthe
HolocaustandMiddleEasternpolitics,includingDavidBen-Gurion:The
RenaissanceLeaderandtheWaningofanAge(1999)andNewRecords–
New Perspectives (2002). Dr. Aronson has also been the organizer of
conferences in the field, including the International Conference on In-
telligenceandtheHolocaust,heldattheGraduateCenter,CityUniver-
sityofNewYork,inJune2003,and“NewRecords–NewHorizons,”
heldinIsraeliuniversitiesinDecember1998,pertainingtonewrecords
opened worldwide on World War II, the Holocaust, and the birth of
Israel.
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Hitler, the Allies, and the Jews
SHLOMO ARONSON
TheHebrewUniversityofJerusalem
iii
  
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge  , UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521838771
© Shlomo Aronson 2004
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of
relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place
without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2004
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Thisbookisdedicatedtothememoryofmymother’sfamily,the
Klenieczs,allofwhomperishedinPolandduring1942–1943,
andtothememoryofShlomoHacohenAharonson,RabbiofKievand
TelAviv.
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Contents
Preface pagexi
Acknowledgments xv
ListofAbbreviations xix
parti: themakingofthemultipletrap
1 ThePhases1933–1939:TheInitialandtheDouble
Trap 3
2 WesternResponses 10
3 AFlashbackonthePalestineQuestion 17
4 1939to“Barbarossa”–TheFoundationoftheMultiple
Trap 22
5 The“FinalSolution”DecisionandItsInitialImplementation 36
6 The“FinalSolution”inSomeDetailandMoreonIts
Justification 44
7 TheZionists’Dilemmas 50
8 DimensionsoftheAlliedResponsetoHitler’s“Jewish
Politics”andtheDeepeningoftheTrap 54
9 TheWarPrioritiesoftheWesternAlliesandRules
ofEconomicWarfareRelatedtotheHolocaust,1941–1944 65
partii: therescuedebate,themacropicture,andthe
intelligenceservices
10 MissedOpportunities? 75
11 TheIntelligenceServicesandRescueOptions 79
12 TheJewish“RefugeeTraffic”:TheRoadtoBiltmore
andItsRamifications 102
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viii Contents
13 AmericanWartimeRealities,1942–1943 115
14 Bermuda,BreckinridgeLong,G-2,Biddle,Taylorand
Rayburn,andPalestineAgain 125
15 Roosevelt,Stimson,andthePalestineQuestion:
BritishInputs 140
16 TheViewsofHaroldGliddenand/orBritishIntelligence,
ConsulGeneralPinkerton,andRabbiNelsonGlueck 147
17 VariousMethodsofRescue 153
partiii: theself-defeatingmechanismof
therescueefforts
18 Istanbul,Geneva,andJerusalem 159
19 HowtheHolocaustinSlovakiaWasSuspended:
The“EuropaPlan” 170
20 TheSignificanceoftheBritishDecrypts 181
21 The“SmallSeason”:Begin’sRebellion 185
22 TheOriginsoftheBudapest“RescueCommittee” 188
23 TheWarRefugeeBoardandtheExtensionoftheTrap:
The“Dogwood”Chain 197
24 TheDoubleHungarianDebacle 214
partiv: thebrand–groszmissionswithinthelarger
pictureofthewarandtheirramifications
25 TheZionistInitiatives 227
26 Rescue,AlliedIntelligence,andtheSS 232
27 HungarianRescueDealsintheEyesoftheAllies 237
28 HowtheMissionsWereBorn 241
29 TheDemiseofaRescueMission 248
30 OpenandSecretWarSchemesandRealities 262
31 TheWRB’sOwnReports:OWI’sReservations 271
partv: theendofthefinalsolution:backto
hostage-takingtactics
32 TheTrain 281
33 TheBombingControversy–SpeerandZuckerman 290
34 The“GreatSeason” 298
35 Becher,Mayer,andtheDeathMarches 304