History Paper 1 Revision Guide

53 Pages·2016·7.5 MB·English

GCSE History Revision Guide – Paper One
Name:
History Teacher:
A017: International Relations with
USA Land of Freedom 1945-1975
th
Exam Date: Monday 6 June 2016 (9:00)
The first part of your exam is on International Relations.

The International Relations part of this booklet runs from Page 4

to Page 32

It is in three sections:

- Soviet control of Eastern Europe (1948-49)

- Terrorism since 1969

- The Iraq War of 2003

Tick red if you’re very unsure.

Tick amber when you think you’re getting there.

Tick green when you think you’re ready for that question on the

exam.

Be honest with yourself.

Page Key Questions RED AMBER GREEN
KEY TOPIC 1: SOVIET CONTROL OF EASTERN EUROPE (1948-1989)
5 1.1: How did Russia take control of Eastern Europe?
6 1.2: What was the role of Khrushchev?
6 1.3: How did the Russians deal with opposition in Eastern Europe?
7 - Hungarian Uprising (1956)
8 - Czechoslovakia – The Prague Spring (1968)
9 - The Berlin Wall (1961)
10 1.4: Why did Soviet control in Eastern Europe collapse?
10 - Solidarity in Poland
11 - The Role of Gorbachev
12 Timeline – Soviet Control of Eastern Europe
KEY TOPIC 2: TERRORISM (SINCE 1969) RED AMBER GREEN
14-15 2.1: What were the key features of the IRA?
16-17 2.2: What were the key features of the PLO?
18-19 2.3: What were the key features of Al-Qaeda?
20-21 2.4: What are the key events in terrorism since 1969?
22 Summary of terrorist groups
KEY TOPIC 3: THE IRAQ WAR (2003) RED AMBER GREEN
24 3.1: What was the background to the conflict in Iraq?
25 3.2: Why did the USA invade Iraq?
26 3.3: Why was there so much opposition to the Iraq War?
27 3.4: What were the key features of the Iraq War of 2003?
28 3.5: What was the Iraqi insurgency and what was its impact?
29 3.6: Why did the invasion of Iraq go so wrong?
30 3.7: How successful was the handover to transitional government?
31 3.8: What were the consequences of the war in Iraq?
32 Timeline – Iraq War
The second part of your exam is on USA Land of Freedom 1945-1975

The Land of Freedom part of this booklet runs from Page 33 to Page 43

It is in four sections:
- The Red Scare & McCarthyism
- Black Civil Rights in the 1950s
- Black Civil Rights in the 1960s
- Civil Rights of other groups (women, Hispanics, Native

Page Key Questions RED AMBER GREEN
KEY TOPIC 4: THE RED SCARE & McCARTHYISM
34 4.1: How were capitalist and communist beliefs different?
34 4.2: How did international events lead to a Red Scare in the USA?
34 4.3: How did the Red Scare develop in the USA?
35 4.4: What was the impact of McCarthyism in the USA?
KEY TOPIC 5: BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE 1950s RED AMBER GREEN
36 5.1: What was the situation for African Americans after WW2?
36 5.2: Why was the struggle for desegregated education so important?
37 5.3: What was the significance of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?
37 5.4: How much progress had been made in black civil rights by 1960?
KEY TOPIC 6: BLACK CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE 1960s RED AMBER GREEN
38 6.1: What was the role of Martin Luther King?
38 6.2: What was the role of Malcolm X and the Black Power Movement?
39 6.3: What was the role of President Kennedy?
39 6.4: What was the role of President Johnson?
39 6.5: What was the role of President Nixon?
KEY TOPIC 7: CIVIL RIGHTS OF OTHER GROUPS RED AMBER GREEN
40 7.1: What was the impact of World War Two on women?
40 7.2: How did the women’s movement develop in the 1950s and 60s?
40 7.3: What progress did the women’s movement achieve?
41 7.4: How did the women’s movement develop in the 1970s?
41 7.5: Why were there so many Hispanics in the USA?
41 7.6: What was Chicano Nationalism?
42 7.7: What problems did Native Americans face in the USA?
42 7.8: How did Native American protest?
43 Timeline – USA Land of Freedom

The last bit of your booklet contains some other useful information.

Page INFORMATION
44 All Past Questions on International Relations
45 All Past Questions on USA Land of Freedom
46 How to answer DESCRIBE-type questions (4 marks)
47 How to answer EXPLAIN-type questions (6 or 8 marks)
48 How to answer MESSAGE OF THE SOURCE-type questions (6 or 7 marks)
49 How to answer PURPOSE OF THE SOURCE-type questions (7 marks)
50 How to answer JUDGEMENT-type questions (10 marks)
51 Summary of exam technique
4.SOVIET CONTROL OF EASTERN EUROPE – TITLE PAGE
Interna tional Relations 1948-2005
Key Topic 1: Soviet Control of Eastern Europe (1948-89)

1.How did the Russians take control of
Eastern Europe after World War Two?
2.What was the role of Khrushchev?
3.What were the causes, events and
consequeunces of the Hungarian
Uprising of 1956?
4.What were the causes, events and
consequences of the Prague Spring of
1968?
5.What were the causes, events and
consequeunces of the building of the
Berlin Wall in 1961?
6.What was the role of Solidarity in the
collapse of Communism?
7.What was the role of Gorbachev in the
collapse of Communism?
Key Question 1.1: How did Russia take

This topic has never
control of Eastern Europe after World War Two?
been on the exam,
but it is good
background

knowledge anyway.

THE SOVIET TAKEOVER OF EASTERN EUROPE

 When the Nazis retreated at the end of WW2, they left

behind a political vacuum in the countries they had

occupied.

 Stalin helped the Communist parties in those countries

to take over.

 He used COMINFORM to bring about Soviet

dominance of these countries.

 Stalin put Soviet troops in each country to:

o Maintain law and order

o Support the Communist government.

 In those countries, Communist government took over

the whole of society.

 Eastern Europe was ragged after WW2, so Stalin used
A map showing the Soviet takeover of
Comecon to ensure that those countries traded with
Eastern Europe after World War Two
the Soviet Union in return for Soviet financial aid.

COMINFORM AND COMECON

C OMINFORM (‘Communist Information Bureau)
 Set up in 1947 by Stalin to co-ordinate the Communist
Parties of Eastern European countries.
 This meant that Stalin could send out instructions to
the Communist Parties of these countries telling them
what to do.
 This meant that Stalin effectively controlled all of the
SATELLITE COUNTRIES on the above map.
 Yugoslavia was left out of Cominform because it

refused to do what the Soviet Union told it to do. Joseph Stalin, leader of Communist
C OMECON (‘The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance’)
Soviet Union 1924-1953
 Set up in 1949 by Stalin to control the industries and
trade of the SATELLITE COUNTRIES.
 Members of Comecon were ordered to trade with each
other and the Soviet Union rather than the west.

T HE IMPACT ON ORDINARY PEOPLE IN

EASTERN EUROPE

THE HOPE

 Some believed that the Communist Soviet Union Cominform (1947) Comecon (1949)

brought them hope after the horrors of being

occupied by Nazi Germany.
 Soviets made these countries feel secure as the Soviet Key Terminology to answer key

Union was one of the world’s superpowers. question 1.1

THE REALITY

 Free speech was taken away. Joseph Stalin

 Newspapers were censored. Soviet Union / The USSR

 Many non-Communists were thrown in prison. Satellite countries

 People were not allowed to travel to the west. The Eastern Bloc

 People became poorer in Eastern Europe. Cominform

 They were not allowed to ask for help from the west. Comecon

 At times, people didn’t have enough food or fuel.
 People had no access to consumer goods.
K ey Question 1.2: What was the role of Khrushchev? You need to know
this to understand

what follows.

KHRUSHCHEV’S RISE TO POWER DESTALINISATION

 Many in Soviet Union saw Stalin as a hero  Khrushchev at first seemed different to Stalin.

as he had defeated Hitler. He was less aggressive, and talked of ‘peaceful

 Stalin had also made the Soviet Union a co-existence’ with the west.

nuclear superpower.  Khrushchev closed down Cominform, and

 Stalin died in 1953, and was replaced by hinted that he would let the satellite countries

Nikita Khrushchev. have independence.

 Khrushchev at first seemed different to  In 1956, Khrushchev made an astonishing

Stalin. He was less aggressive, and talked ‘secret speech’ criticising Stalin and the way he

of ‘peaceful co-existence’ with the west. had treated people.

 Khrushchev closed down Cominform, and  He called Stalin a wicked tyrant.

hinted that he would let the satellite  He also began a process of ‘de-Stalinisation’,

including releasing political prisoners.

 In the end, though, Khrushchev went back on
K ey Terminology
t o answer key THE WARSAW PACT
q uestion 1.2  Khrushchev, like Stalin before him, still wanted

a ‘buffer zone’ in Eastern Europe.

 In 1955, Khrushchev created the Warsaw Pact,
Nikita Khrushchev

which was a military alliance of the Soviet
Peaceful co-existence
S ecret speech Union and all the satellite countries.
Nikita Khrushchev,  If any member of the Warsaw Pact was
Destalinisation
Soviet leader 1955-64

Key Question 1.3: How did the Soviet
This topic is always on
U nion deal with opposition in Eastern Europe? the exam. You NEED to
know all about
Hungary 1956,

Czechoslovakia 1968

The next three pages deal with three crises faced by the Soviet Union in and Berlin 1961.

its Eastern European satellites, and how the Soviets dealt with those crises.

These are quite easy to understand and remember, because they all follow

the same pattern:

STAGE 1 STAGE 2 STAGE 3

People in a Soviet satellite The Soviet Union uses its USA disapproves but does

country get fed up of living military strength to bring nothing as long as

under Communism and try an end to the Communism isn’t spreading
to make changes. developments in Stage 1. any further west.

The people rise up and try Soviet tanks are sent to The USA criticises the
to get rid of Soviet Hungary to crush the Soviet Union’s actions, but
influence in Hungary. uprising. does nothing.

The people rise up and try Soviet tanks are sent to The USA criticises the
to get rid of Soviet Czechoslovakia to crush Soviet Union’s actions, but
influence in Czechoslovakia. the uprising. does nothing.

Thousands of East Berliners The Soviets order the The USA criticises the

leave the Communist east building of a wall to keep Soviet Union’s actions, but

to live in the Capitalist west. East Berliners in the east. does nothing.
1.Hungary 1956

The Hungarian Uprising

What was the background?

 Hungary was led by a Communist

called Matyas Rakosi.

 He was very cruel to Hungarians, and

took away their freedom of speech.

 Stalin protected Rakosi, and in return

Rakosi allowed Soviet troops in
Hungary.
 Even street signs in Hungary were
written in Russian.
 Hungarians even had to pay for the
Soviet troops to be there, even though

they didn’t want them there.
What happened in 1956?
 Stalin died in 1953, and Hungarians
 With Stalin dead, a group in Hungary

opposed Rakosi.
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS  When he appealed to the Soviet Union

 Describe the events in Hungary in for help, Khrushchev refused and told

1956. (4) (Jan 2010) Rakosi he had to resign.

 Rakosi was replaced with another
 Describe the Soviet response to the
puppet leader, Erns Gero, who was no
Hungarian Uprising of 1956. (4)
better.

(June 2012)
 23rd Oct: Huge demonstrations in
Budapest, and a statue of Stalin was
What was the Soviet response? pulled down by protestors.
 At first, Khrushchev seemed to accept  Khrushchev seemed to show that he was
the reforms. different to Stalin when he allowed
 But when Hungary said it would leave Hungarians to set up a new government
the Warsaw Pact, Khrushchev changed of their own under the popular Imre

his mind and sent thousands of Soviet Nagy.

troops and tanks into Budapest.  Soviet troops began to withdraw from

 Hungarians fought back, leading to Hungary, and this seemed to be the

two weeks of fighting in which 3,000 beginning of the end of Soviet

Hungarians and 8,000 Russians were domination of Eastern Europe.
killed.  Nagy’s new government began to make
 Many Hungarians fled across the plans, and demanded the complete
border into Austria to escape the withdrawal of Soviet troops.
Soviets.
 Imre Nagy and his fellow leaders were Key Terminology for answering
arrested and executed by the Soviets. questions about the Hungarian Uprising
 Hungarian resistance was crushed.

 Western nations voiced their Nikita Khrushchev
Matyas Rakosi
disapproval but, crucially, did nothing.
Puppet leader
 Khrushchev put Janos Kadar in charge
Secret speech
of Hungary, who had 35,000 anti-
Uprising
Communist activists arrested and 300
Imre Nagy
executed. Warsaw Pact
 So a puppet leader was back in charge
Refugees
2.Czechoslovakia 1968

The Prague Spring

W hat was the background?
 Czechoslovakia had been liberated

by the Soviets at the end of WW2.

 The Soviets had then put a hardline

Communist government in charge in

Czechoslovakia, and backed up that

government with force when

necessary.

 Czechoslovakia was a satellite Soviet
state with a puppet government. What happened in Czechoslovakia?
 Puppet leader was replaced by Alexander
Dubcek, who said there should be no

Source A – An censorship and there should be freedom

American cartoon of speech.

published in 1968.  New Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev was

The Russian
concerned, but Dubcek promised that

soldier is saying
Czechoslovakia would not withdraw from

‘she might have
the Warsaw Pact or from COMECON.

 The Czech opposition was led by students
and intellectuals who opposed
Communism.
 The spring of 1968 became known as ‘The

Prague Spring’, with anti-government
What was the Soviet response? ideas appearing everywhere because the
 Soviets were not happy about the people now had freedom of speech.

developments in Czechoslovakia.  Czech people even began to openly talk

 Also, the Soviets worried that these about creating a new, non-Communist

new ideas might spread to other

satellite states. Key Terminology for answering

 Communist leaders of other satellite
questions about Czechoslovakia 1968
countries feared that the Prague
Liberated Reform
Spring might spread, so wanted Hardline government Leonid Brezhnev
Brezhnev to crush the developments Puppet leader Prague Spring
in Czechoslovakia. Satellite state Warsaw Pact
 Albania even resigned from the
Warsaw Pact because it felt the Soviet

Union was being too soft.
PAST EXAM QUESTIONS
 Discussions between Soviet Union
 Explain why the Soviet Union was worried by
and Czechoslovakia seemed to have
eased tensions, but on 20th August developments in Czechoslovakia in 1968. (6)
(Jan 2010)
Soviets sent tanks into
 Study Source A (above) abou the Soviet
Czechoslovakia.
crushing of the uprising in Prague. What is the
 Little resistance from Czechs. message of this cartoon? (7) (Jan 2012)
 Dubcek removed as leader, and  Explain why the Soviet Union invaded
Czechoslovakia became an obedient Czechoslovakia in 1968. (6) (June 2012)
satellite country again.  What was the ‘Prague Spring’? (4) (Jan 2013)
 Brezhnev announced the Brezhnev

Doctrine which said that all satellite
countries must:
3.Berlin 1961

T he Berlin Wall

What was the background?

 Berlin lay behind the iron curtain in East

Germany, but was divided into capitalist

West and communist East (see map).
 It was a constant worry for the Soviet
Key Terminology for answering
Union that the people of East Berlin
could see the relative wealth of capitalist questions about the Berlin Wall (1961)
West Berlin and would envy it. Iron Curtain Brain drain
 In the West, shops were full of goods, Division of Berlin Protection wall
Nikita Khrushchev Checkpoint Charlie
there was freedom and variety.

 The USA had built the West up with this

intention. What happened in 1961?

 Many in East Berlin were escaping to the  Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev thought

capitalist West. he could bully new US President John F
 Even worse for the Communists was that Kennedy.
it was the most highly educated,  He demanded that the USA withdraw
qualified and skilled people who were from West Berlin. The USA refused.
fleeing the east – this was known as the  In response, overnight on 13th August

1961, East German soldiers were ordered

to set up barbed wire along the

East/West border in Berlin.

 Over the next few days this was turned

into a concrete wall, stopping all

travelling from east to west.

 The only way through from East to West
Berlin was through the heavily guarded
‘Checkpoint Charlie’.
 The wall divided families and caused

chaos to people’s lives.
W hat was the reaction of the West?  Border guards shot people who tried to

 27th October 1961: Soviets put tanks at Source A – An

Checkpoint Charlie to stop any American cartoon

Westerners visiting the East. about the Berlin

 US tanks arrived there too, leading to a Wall from 1962.
tense 18-hour stand-off. The man in the
 Khrushchev ordered Ulbricht (leader of picture is
Khrushchev.
East Germany and East Berlin) to never
allow tension to get so high again.
 Back in the USA, Kennedy said about
PAST
the wall ‘It’s not a very nice solution,

EXAM
but a wall is a lot better than a war’.

 The wall stayed, and became a symbol QUESTION

of the division between Communist East
and Capitalist West. Study Source
 Communists called it a protection wall, A. What is the
keeping the people of East Berlin safe message of
from Western corruption. this cartoon?
Explain your
 The West called it a prison wall, keeping
answer. (7)