Table Of ContentHistory of Original Ideas
and Basic Discoveries
in Particle Physics
NATO ASI Series
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Volume 352-History of Original Ideas and Basic Discoveries in Particle Physics
edited by Harvey B. Newman and Thomas Ypsilantis
Series B: Physics
History of Original Ideas and
Basic Discoveries
in Particle Physics
Edited by
Harvey B. Newman
California Institute of Technology
Pasadena, California
and
Thomas Ypsilantis
College de France
Paris, France
Plenum Press
New York and London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
the History of Original Ideas and Basic Discoveries in Particle Physics,
held July 27 - August 4, 1994,
in Erice, Italy
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
History of orlginal ideas and baslc discoveries in partlcle physics
edited by Harvey B. Newman and Thomas Ypsllantls.
p. cm. -- (NATO ASI series. Series B. Physics; v. 352)
"Published in cooperation with NATO SCIentific Affairs Division"
Includes bibliographical references and Index.
1. Particles (Nuclear physics)--History--Congresses. 2. High
temperature superconductivity--History--Congresses. 3. Particle
accelerators--Hlstory--Cangresses. 4. Nuclear detectors--History
-Congresses. 5. D1SCQveries in sCience--History--Congresses.
I. Newman. Harvey B. II. Ypsilantls, Thomas. III. North Atlantic
Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division. IV. Series.
QC793.1S.H57 1996
539.7'2'09--dc20 96-5248
CIP
ISBN-\3: 978-1-4612-8448-2 e-ISBN-\3: 978-1-46\3-1147-8
001: 10.1007/978-1-4613-1147-8
© 1996 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1996
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N. Y. 10013
10987654321
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or
otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
The International Conference on the History of Original Ideas and Basic Discoveries,
held at the "Ettore Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice, Sicily, July 27-August
4, 1994, brought together sixty of the leading scientists including many Nobel Laureates in
high energy physics, principal contributors in other fields of physics such as high Tc
superconductivity, particle accelerators and detector instrumentation, and thirty-six talented
younger physicists selected from candidates throughout the world.
The scientific program, including 49 lectures and a discussion session on the "Status
and Future Directions in High Energy Physics" was inspired by the conference theme:
The key experimental discoveries and theoretical breakthroughs of the last 50 years, in
particle physics and related fields, have led us to a powerful description of matter in terms
of three quark and three lepton families and four fundamental interactions. The most recent
generation of experiments at e+e-and proton-proton colliders, and corresponding advances
in theoretical calculations, have given us remarkably precise determinations of the basic
parameters of the electroweak and strong interactions. These developments, while showing
the striking internal consistency of the Standard Model, have also sharpened our view of the
many unanswered questions which remain for the next generation: the origin and pattern of
particle masses and families, the unification of the interactions including gravity, and the
relation between the laws of physics and the initial conditions of the universe.
First-hand accounts by the authors of these great scientific achievements were a
central part of the conference program. In the Erice tradition, the program provided ample
opportunity for discussions among young physicists and some of the principal scientists who
have shaped our field, with a focus on the relationship between past discoveries, current
issues, and the highest priority directions for the future.
The conference aims, fulfilled in a stimulating manner through the combination of
many first-hand reports from the discoverers themselves, and the unique Erice atmosphere
for scientific learning and discussion in an historical setting, were to:
• review the origins and events surrounding the key discoveries, inventions and
fundamental ideas in high energy physics,
• better understand the structure of the discoveries, and their relationship to progress
in basic science,
• explore the relationship between past discoveries, current issues, and the highest
priority directions for the next century, and
• provide a primary historical record: both oral' and written.
The historical review of the great theoretical and experimental achievements in high
energy physics during the past decades, which was the main theme of the conference, was
• Both video-and audiotapes of the proceedings and discussions have been archived.
v
vi Preface
complemented by reviews of current topics related to many of the still-unanswered questions
on the nature of the fundamental constituents and their interactions. These topics covered a
wide range: from Supersymmetry, Supergravity, and Superstrings, to neutrino oscillations,
to dark matter in the universe, to the nature of the vacuum.
A number of "special events" both within and beyond the scope of the conference
enhanced the very special atmosphere that was felt by the participants throughout this
meeting.
• In memory of Richard P. Feynman, one of the greatest physicists of our century,
and arguably the greatest physicist of the last 50 years, Caltech funded two special
scholarships to young physicists of exceptional talent and promise, following a
worldwide competition. The scholarships were awarded to Christopher Tully of
Princeton, citing his work on the study of electroweak interactions with the L3
experiment at CERN, and to Avi Yagil of Fermilab, citing his contributions to the
discovery of the top quark.
• In recognition of Feynman's unique contributions to physics, his exceptional
qualities as a teacher, and his many contributions to the Erice Schools starting in
the 1960s, Professor Zichichi, Director of the Erice Centre, decided to "dedicate
the original most prestigious lecture building" as the Richard P. Feynman Lecture
Hall. The dedication ceremony, at which the Feynman Scholarships were pre
sented, was one of the conference highlights.
• It was intended that this conference be held as the first in the newly dedicated
Feynman Hall. During the preparation of the Hall, however, there was an extraor
dinary artistic discovery: the legendary Last Supper of the San Rocco, a master
piece commissioned by the Zichichi family and completed around 1500, was found
beneath many layers of white paint. This event was eloquently summarized in the
Speech by the Mayor of Erice which was part of the dedication ceremony, an
English transcription of which appears on p. xxi. The conference therefore took
place in the Magna Aula (Great Hall) dedicated to Dirac, as the Feynman Hall only
became available months later, following a review and supervision of the preser
vation of the Last Supper, and other artistic works found on the walls of the Hall,
by representatives of the Vatican.
• The conference took place at a critical time in the history of high energy physics.
The Superconducting SuperCollider (SSC) project had recently been terminated
in the U.S., and Europe's Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project was not yet
approved (its approval by the CERN Council of Member States came five months
later). A special Discussion Session, included in these proceedings, was therefore
organized by Professor Herwig Schopper at the request of the Conference Direc
tors, with the following themes.
• International collaboration on future large-scale scientific projects.
• Opportunities for future discoveries.
• Maintaining the exceptional quality of scientists in our field.
During the discussion one additional theme that emerged was the need to encour
age, and adequately recognize, the outstanding individual contributions of young
experimental physicists working in today's huge international collaborations.
• The conference also was punctuated by a number of special talks of broad scientific
and historical interest. Among these were the lectures by D. Goodstein on "Richard
Feynman and the History of Superconductivity," and by Nina Byers on the
"Contributions of Emmy Noether to Modem Physics."
Preface vii
• Two special articles graciously provided by Nobel Laureates who could not attend
the conference have been included in the proceedings: "Electroweak Reminis
cences" by S. Weinberg, and "Magnetic Monopoles, Fiber Bundles, and Gauge
Fields" by C. N. Yang .
• The conference took place just a few days after the Levy-Schumacher comet's
encounter with Jupiter. Photographs and computer images of the encounter which
I obtained from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) server over the World Wide
Web from Pasadena to my office at·CERN, were shown during my introduction
to the conference. The pictures, which had arrived at JPL day by day from the
Hubble Space Telescope and observatories worldwide, and which were immedi
ately made available over the World Wide Web, served to illustrate (I) the massive
scale of Nature, dwarfing man's technologies both in size and energy, (2) the high
degree of worldwide cooperation and instant communication achieved by our
colleagues in astrophysics, which focused the attention of the world on science (a
model which is to be emulated in other scientific fields), and (3) the global effect
of "the Web," which has revolutionized communications in science and is now in
the process oftransforming our daily lives. The Web is a prime example both of
great individual achievement at a young age (created by Timothy Berners-Lee,
then a visiting scientist at CERN), and of new modes of worldwide communication
in present and future scientific collaborations.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank the members of the International Advisory and Organizing
Committees who helped prepare the scientific program, and the Session Chairs and Scientific
Secretaries for their indispensable aid in running the conference and recording the discus
sions. I am grateful to Maria Zaini and the Erice Centre staff, and to Sylvie Bradley, Karen
Fox and Erika Zynda at Caltech, for their efficient and friendly help spanning many months
in the preparation of this unusual conference. Mme Zaini and the "Ettore Majorana" Centre
staff are to be complimented on their impeccable hospitality and most efficient hard work
throughout the conference. Mrs. Zynda is specially thanked for her great persistence and
skill in preparing the Proceedings.
Helen Tuck, John Elwood and Kent Bradford provided indispensable help in meticu
lously reviewing the proofs of the manuscript.
On behalf of Professors Zichichi, Ypsilantis and myself, I would like to thank the
sponsors whose generous support made the conference possible: the California Institute of
Technology, the NATO Advanced Research Workshop program, the Commission of the
European Communities' Program ofEuroconferences, the Italian Ministry of Education, the
Italian Ministry of University and Scientific Research, and the Sicilian Regional Govern
ment.
Finally, I would like to express my personal gratitude to Professor Zichichi, for the
opportunity to hold this conference, and for his founding and directing the magnificent
"Ettore Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture as a unique global resource.
Harvey B. Newman
Geneva, Switzerland
CONTRIBUTORS
1. Robert K. Adair Los Angeles, CA 90024
Department of Physics E-mail: [email protected]
Yale University
P.O. Box 208121 7. BIas Cabrera
New Haven, CT 06520 Department of Physics
E-mail: [email protected] Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305
2. Bernard Aubert E-mail: [email protected]
LAPP Annecy
BP 110 8. Paul C. W. Chu
Chemin de Bellevue Texas Center for
F-74941 Annecy-Ie-Vieux Superconductivity
FRANCE University of Houston
E-mail: [email protected] Houston, TX 77204-5932
3. Ulrich F. Becker 9. Richard H. Dalitz
Laboratory for Nuclear Science Department of Theoretical Physics
44-120 University of Oxford
MIT I Keble Road
Cambridge, MA 02139 Oxford OXI 3NP
E-mail: [email protected] UNITED KINGDOM
E-mail: [email protected]
4. Felix H. Boehm
161-33 10. Pierre Darriulat
California Institute of DG Division
Technology CERN
Pasadena, CA 91125 1211 Geneva 23
E-mail: [email protected] SWITZERLAND
E-mail: [email protected]
5. James G. Branson
University of California, San Diego 11. Dr. Savas Dimopoulos
Physics Department TH Division
Box 109 CERN
La Jolla, CA 92037 1211 Geneva 23
E-mail: [email protected] SWITZERLAND
E-mail: [email protected]
6. Nina Byers
Department of Physics 12. Pierre Fayet
UCLA Laboratoire de Physique Theorique
405 Hilgard Ave. Ecole Normale Superieure
ix
x Contributors
24 Rue Lohmond 20. Judith Goodstein
F-75231 PARIS, Cedex 05 015A-74
FRANCE California Institute of
E-mail: [email protected] Technology
Pasadena, CA 91125
13. Paolo Franzini
21. David J. Gross
Department of Physics
Department of Physics
Columbia University in New York City
Princeton University
538 West 1201h Street
P.O. Box 708
New York, NY 10027
Princeton, NJ 08544
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
14. Jerome I. Friedman
22. Gerard 't Hooft
24-512
Institute for Theoretical Physics
Laboratory for Nuclear Science
P.O. Box 80 006
MIT
NL-3508 TA Utrecht
Cambridge, MA 02139
THE NETHERLANDS
E-mail: [email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
15. Murray Gell-Mann 23. Cecilia Jarlskog
P.O. Box 91 Dept. of Math. Phys.
Tesuque, NM 87574 LTH, Univ. of Lund
E-mail: [email protected] Box 118
S-22100 LUND
16. Howard Georgi
SWEDEN
Lyman Lab
E-mail: [email protected]
Harvard University
Cambridge, MA 02138 24. Daniel Moshe Kaplan
E-mail: [email protected] Physics Department
Northern Illinois University
17. Sheldon Glashow De Kalb, Illinois 60115
Lyman Lab E-mail: [email protected]
Harvard University
25. Toichiro Kinoshita
Cambridge, MA 02138
Laboratory of Nuclear Studies
E-mail: [email protected]
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York 14853
18. Gerson Goldhaber
E-mail: [email protected]
Lawrence Berkeley Lab
50A-2160
26. Kenneth D. Lane
University of California
Department of Physics
Berkeley, CA 94720
Boston University
E-mail: [email protected]
590 Commonwealth Ave.
Boston, MA 02215
19. David Goodstein
E-mail: [email protected]
104-31
California Institute of 27. Tsung Dao Lee
Technology Department of Physics
Pasadena, CA 91125 Columbia University
E-mail: 538 W. 120lh Street
[email protected] New York, NY 10027
Contributors xi
28. Juliet Lee-Franzini 35. Aihud Pevsner
Physics Department Experimental HEP Group
State University of New York (SUNY) Johns Hopkins University (JHU)
Stony Brook, NY 11790 Homewood Campus
Charles and 34th Streets
29. R. L. Mossbauer Baltimore, MD 21218
Physik Department E15
E-mail: [email protected]
Technische Universitiit Miinchen
James Franck Strasse 36. Oreste Piccioni
D-85748 Garching bei Munchen Physics Department Box 109
GERMANY University of California, San Diego
E-mail: 9500 Gilman Avenue
[email protected] La Jolla, CA 92037
30. Dimitri V. Nanopoulos
37. Frederick Reines
Department of Physics
18 Perkins Court
Texas A&M University
Irvine, CA 92715
College Station, TX 77843-4242
E-mail: [email protected] 38. Alvaro de RlIjllla
TH Division
31. Harvey B. Newman
CERN
256-48
1211 Geneva 23
California Institute of
SWITZERLAND
Technology
E-mail: [email protected]
Pasadena, CA 91125
E-mail: [email protected]
39. Bernard Sadolllet
Center for Particle Astrophysics
32. L. Okun
301 LeConte Hall
Insititute for Theoretical and
Experimental Physics (ITEP) U. C. Berkeley
714 University Ave.
B. Cheremushkinskaya ulitsa 25
Berkeley, CA 94720
RU -117 259 Moskva
E-mail: [email protected]
RUSSIA
E-mail: [email protected]
40. Nicholas P. Samios
33. Risto Orava Director's Office
Research Institute Brookhaven National Laboratory
for High Energy Physics (SEFT) Upton, NY 11973
P.O. Box 9 E-mail: [email protected]
00014 University of Helsinki
Siltavuorenpenger 20 C 41. Herwig Schopper
SF-00l70 Helsinki PPE Division
FINLAND CERN
E-mail: [email protected] 1211 Geneva 23
SWITZERLAND
34. Martin L. Perl E-mail: [email protected]
Bin # 61
SLAC 42. John H. Schwarz
2575 Sand Hill Rd. 456-48 Cal tech
Menlo Park, CA 94025 Pasadena, CA 91 125
E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected]
