history of azerbaijan

357 Pages·2017·1.5 MB·English

DILGAM ISMAILOV

HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN
(TEXTBOOK)

Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction
University Methodological Council of the meeting dated
July 7, 2017, was published at the direction of № 6

BAKU - 2017
Dilgam Yunis Ismailov. History of Azerbaijan, AzMİU
NPM, Baku, 2017, p.p.352

Referents: Anar Jamal Iskenderov
Konul Ramiq Aliyeva

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form by any means. Electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright
owner.

In Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction,
the book “History of Azerbaijan” is written on the basis of a
syllabus covering all topics of the subject. Author paid special
attention to the current events when analyzing the different periods
of Azerbaijan.
This book can be used by other high schools that also teach
“History of Azerbaijan” in English to bachelor students, master
students, teachers, as well as to the independent learners of our
country’s history.

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© Dilgam Ismailov, 2017
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword…………………………………….……… 9

I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan 10

II Theme: The Primitive Society in Azerbaijan…. 18
1.The Initial Residential Dwellings……….............… 18
2.The Stone Age in Azerbaijan……………………… 19
3.The Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages in Azerbaijan… 23
4.The Collapse of the Primitive Communal System in
Azerbaijan………………………………………….... 28

III Theme: The Ancient and Early States in Azer-

baijan. The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms.. 30
1.The First Tribal Alliances and Initial Public
Institutions in Azerbaijan……………………………. 30
2.The Kingdom of Manna…………………………… 34
3.The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms………….. 41

IV Theme: Azerbaijan in the Early Middle Ages... 53
1.Feudal relations in Azerbaijan in the III-V centuries 53
2.The Sassanid’s occupation of Azerbaijan and riots
against it……………………………………………... 54
3.The Sassanids’ Land, Tax and Transfering Policy
in Azerbaijan………………………………………… 6 1

V Theme: Azerbaijan as Part of the

Arab Caliphate ………………………………….. 63
1.The Occupation of Azerbaijan by the arabs. The

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spread of the Islam religion…………………………. 63
2.The management, resettlement, land and tax policy
in Azerbaijan during the rule of the Caliphate 67
3.To rebel against to the tyranny of Arabs.
Khurram’s movement……………………………….. 70
4.The formation of the Azerbaijani people and
language……………………………..………………. 74

VI Theme. Feudal states of Azerbaijan in IX-XII

centuries…………………………………………… 77
1. The feudal states in Azerbaijan during the fall of
the Caliphate…………........................................... 77
2. Azerbaijan part of the Great Seljuk Empire………. 86
3. The states of Shirvanshahs and Atabaylar………... 89
4.The socio-economic and cultural development of
the IX-XII centuries…………………………………. 93

VII Theme: Mongol occupation in Azerbaijan….. 101
1. I-II-III Mongol attacks on Azerbaijan……………. 101
2. Azerbaijan under the rule of Hulagu empire. …… 1 0 4
3. Reforms of Ghazan Khan………………….. 106
4.Socio-economical and cultural progress of
Azerbaijan in the XIII-XIV centuries……………… 108

VIII Theme: Azerbaijan in the II half of the XIV
century and in the XV centuries…………………... 1 1 2
1.Attacks of Tokhtamysh and Amir Timur to
Azerbaijan. Shirvanshahs state……………………… 112
2. Karakoyunlu and Agkoyunlu states…………….… 115
3. Socio-economic and cultural development of

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Azerbaijan in XV century…………………………… 125
IX Theme: Safavid empire …………………… 127
1. Ardabil authority of Safavids. Establishment of
Savafid empire……………………………..……….. 127
2. Internal and foreign policy of Shah Ismail………... 130
3. Safavid-Ottoman wars in the XVI-XVII centuries. 1 34
4. Political system, socio-economical and cultural
progress of Safavid empire………………………..… 137

X Theme: Azerbaijan at the I part of the XVIII
century…………………………….……………….. 141
1.Azerbaijan in the period of collapse of Safavid
empire………………………………………………... 141
2.Azerbaijan turns into an struggle arena among
Russia, Turkey and Iran………………………...….... 150
3.Restoration of Iranian authorities in Azerbaijan.
Revolts against the power of Nadir shah……………. 153

XI Theme. Azerbaijan Khanates………………... 159
1.The historical condition of establishment
Azerbaijani Khanates………………………………... 159
2. Struggling of khanates to unity lands of
Azerbaijan............................................................. 172
3. Struggle against to the foreign invaders…………. 175
4. The social-economic condition of khanates’. The
culture of Azerbaijan………………………………… 177

XII Theme. Azerbaijan In the I half of the XIX

century................................................................ 182
1. The internal situation of Azerbaijan at the

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beginning of the XlX century................................. 182
2. I and II Russia-Persian wars. The division of
Azerbaijani lands between the Russia and
Persian………………………………………………. 185
3. Tsarist management system in Azerbaijan. Revolts
against to the colonial system. Babis movement……. 190
4. The first half of XIX century economy and
culture................................................................ 201

XIII Theme. Azerbaijan II half of the XIX century 209
1.The creation of capitalist relations. The progress of
the oil industry………………………………………. 209
2.Agricultural, administrative and judicial reforms in
the North Azerbaijan............................................... 217
3.The condition in the village after the reforms......... 220
4.Azerbaijan culture II half of the XlX century........ 227

XIV Theme. Azerbaijan at the beginning of the
XX century......................................................... 234
1. The economic crisis in the world and Azerbaijan
at the beginning of the XX century.......................... 234
2.National democratic movement in Azerbaijan the
creation of political parties and public organizations 240
3. National freedom movement İn the South Azerbaijan 250
4. Azerbaijan culture at the beginning of the XX cen-
tury………………………………………………….. 254

XV Theme. Azerbaijan during World War I…… 258
1.Azerbaijan’s participation in the World War I…… 258

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2.Political situation in Azerbaijan after the February
Revolution and the October Revolution in Russia
1917th year. Baku commune and its’ anti Azerbaijan
policy…………………………………………………. 262
3.Democratic national liberation movement in South
Azerbaijan…………………………………………… 268

XVI Theme. Azerbaijan Democratic Republic....... 272
1.The Announcement of the Azerbaijan Democratic
Republic and government structure.......................... 272
2. Enternal and external policy of the Azerbaijan
Democratic Republic............................................... 279
3.The collapse of the Azerbaijan Democratic
Republic................................................................ 282

XVII Theme. Azerbaijan in the 20-30th years XX

century……………………………………………… 285
1. Invasion of Azerbaijan by XI the Red Army.
Soviet statehood..................................................... 285
2. Soviet national policy in Azerbaijan. Organization
Nagorno Karabakh Autonomus Oblast (NKAO) and
Nakhchivan Autonomus Soviet Socialist Republic
(NSSR)………………………………………………. 293
3. Social-economical and cultural develop in
Azerbaijan. Mass repression………………………… 295

XVIII Theme. Azerbaijan within the World War

II and afterwards period....................................... 302
1. Azerbaijan's participation in World War II............. 302
2. Social-economic, political and cultural develop-

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ment of Azerbaijan After the war II………………… 309
3. Deportation of Azerbaijanis from West
Azerbaijan (1948-1953 years)……………………….. 314
4. South Azerbaijan during World War II and
subsequent period.................................................. 319

XIX Theme. Independent Azerbaijan Republic….. 326
1. The reconstruction of the USSR and its influence
to Azerbaijan. Nagorno Karabakh conflict................. 326
2. The restoration of state independence Azerbaijan
and its first steps (1991-1993 years)………………… 331
3. Towards a market economy. The beginning of
economic revival…………………………………..… 339
4. Azerbaijani beginning of the III millennium……... 344

Literature................................................................... 350

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Foreword

The book “History of Azerbaijan” is the first textbook
written in English in Azerbaijan University of Architecture and
Construction. This book is a valuable source for the local and
foreign students studying in English. It is known that since
the restoration of our independence radical changes in all
areas, as well as in science and education have taken place.
It has also opened up new opportunities for the education
of Azerbaijani youth abroad. Important measures for the
studying of the English language to the youth both in our
country and abroad were taken. First of all, special
attention was paid to the need to develop English language
teaching in secondary and high schools.
A number of English speaking groups for all faculties
at Universities were also created. Now the subject “History
of Azerbaijan” is taught in English-speaking groups of the
Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction.
However, there hadn’t been a textbook named “History of
Azerbaijan”, therefore this textbook was written. The
textbook was written according to the syllabus of the
subject and covers all topics. This textbook means that the
direction of our studies is to teach our history in English to
students. We are confident that this textbook will be able to
help both local and foreign students in studying “History of
Azerbaijan”.

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I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan is an ancient country. Historically Azerbaijan
borders with Dagestan in the North, Iran in the South, Georgia,
present Armenia and Turkey in the West and the Caspian Sea
in the East. As a result of the war between Russia and Iran the
lands of Azerbaijan were divided into two parts according to
Gulistan (1813) and Turkmenchay (1828) agreements.
Since then the geographical concepts of Northern and Southern
Azerbaijan occurred. After that Azerbaijan took different paths
of development being a part of Iran and Russia. On May 28th,
1918, an independent state in Northern Azerbaijan - the
Azerbaijan Democratic Republic was established. On April 28th
1920, the Russian Army (Red Army) occupied Northern
Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic was
established and incorporated into the USSR. In October 1991,
the North Azerbaijan regained its independence.
The Muslim or Islamic era has been used for a long time in
Azerbaijan. This era has been widely spread in Muslim
regions. The beginning of the Islamic era starts since moving
the Prophet Muhammad-a founder of Islam from Mecca to
Medina. In Arabic “hijrat” means moving. This event happened
in 622 (six hundred twenty two) of the Christian era. That’s
why the date starting from that time is called the Hijri (Islamic)
calendar. The time in the Islamic era is charged with the Moon
(lunar calendar) and the Sun (Shams calendar). The length of
the year which is calculated by the moon equals to 354 (three
hundred fifty four) days. This is 11 days shorter than the length
of the astronomical year which is calculated by the Sun. That’s

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