Table Of ContentQ U A R T E R L Y
BASEBALL & ELY PARKER
THE CIVIL WAR Seneca Chief at Appomattox
Mary Anning Ambroise Paré
The Greatest Father of Modern Surgery
Fossil Hunter
WITHOUT
A Mobster and WARNING!
Thacher Island
Boston’s Hotel
Vendome Fire
Condia Lynch
WW1 Soldier
Virus Britannica
DIPLOMATIC Close Call for
DYNAMOS
Churchill
Secretaries
of State
Aroostook
WAR
C.S. Fly
The Man
Who Shot
Geronimo
King Charles II
The “Merry Monarch”
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King Charles II — Page 10 The Hurrah Game — Page 16 Diplomatic Dynamos — Page 41
C O N T E N T S
SPRING 2022
Q U A R T E R LY
King Charles II ......................................................... 10
On the Cover: Page 10
David A. Norris looks back at the sometimes tumultuous
25-year reign of the “Merry Monarch”
The Hurrah Game ................................................... 16
Jonathan Shipley looks at the Civil War and the growth of baseball
Ambroise Paré ........................................................ 20
Father of Modern Surgery. By Julius Bonello, M.D.
and George Tsourdinis, M.D.
“Seneca Chief at Appomattox” ............................ 24
Cyndy Irvine looks at the life and times of Ely Samuel Parker
Mary Anning:
The Greatest Fossil Hunter in the World ................. 29
Angela Youngman investigates a woman who became King Charles II, “The Merry Monarch”
“The World’s First Great Practical Geologist”
A photographic reproduction of a
painting of King Charles II of England,
Book Extract: The Professionals ............................. 37
by John Michael Wright (1617-1694),
One man’s courage during the bloodiest military campaign dated circa 1661-1662.
in aviation history. By Kevin Maurer
Diplomatic Dynamos ............................................. 41
Terrence Cooley offers a look at the U.S. Secretaries of
Great Consequence who left their mark
4 History Magazine Spring 2022
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Condia Lynch — Page 45 The Man Who Shot Geronimo — Page 52 Virus Britannica — Page 55
Condia Lynch:
A Common Man from Tennessee .......................... 45
Julia Nunnally Duncan recounts the life of her great-uncle
who served in WWI
A Mobster and Thacher Island .............................. 49
Paul Gordon looks at the life of Joe “The Animal” Barboza
The Man Who Shot Geronimo:
Old West Photographer C.S. Fly ............................ 52
David McCormick looks at the life of the photographer
who recorded the Old West
Virus Britannica:
The Virus that Threatened Churchill ...................... 55
Is Your Theodore Pappas looks at how a little girl with chickenpox
nearly altered world history
Subscription
About Without Warning ...................................................... 57
David Kruh looks at the 1972 fire and collapse of Boston’s
to Expire?
Hotel Vendome
Check the mailing label
for the expiry date. The Aroostook War ................................................. 59
H.D. Ingles looks at a little-known border conflict that occurred
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Book Extract: The Estrada Plot ............................... 61
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Spring 2022 History Magazine 5
W h at I f ?
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U.S. PRESIDENTS’ CLOSE CALLS WITH DEATH
A
t times, inches, or seconds, have saved presidents from early death.
What if these close calls had turned out differently? How would
history have changed? Some dodged a bullet (literally) before at-
taining the highest office. George Washington, a young man in 1753,
barely missed being shot by an Iroquois brave in an Ohio forest. Andrew
Jackson, in 1813 was shot in the shoulder in a shootout with brothers
Jesse and Thomas Hart Benton (a future Senate ally of President Jackson),
nearly dying from loss of blood.
The explosion of the “Peacemaker”
Abraham Lincoln, as a boy, almost drowned in Knob Creek in Kentucky
onboard the USS Princeton in 1844.
and, later in Indiana, was kicked in the head by a horse so hard his
Courtesy of Library of Congress/Prints &
uncle said it “apparently killed him for a time.” Early 1933, President- Photographs Division
elect Franklin Roosevelt was sitting in a car with Chicago Mayor Anton
Cermak when shots were fired. Cermak was injured by a bullet intended water and pulled him down; it was
for Roosevelt and died later from the injury. a gasping struggle to get to shore.
Several sitting presidents had near-death experiences. In 1825, John In 1844, John Tyler, with Cabi-
Quincy Adams, known to swim the Potomac nude, was crossing the riv- net members and others, was on a
er in a boat with a friend when a sudden squall swamped the boat. The river excursion on the Navy frigate
two jumped out but the 62-year-old President’s billowy shirt filled with USS Princeton. He was below deck,
T h e P o l i t i c a l E i n s t e i n
A
lbert Einstein was a physicist and mathematician by profession, and
one of the greatest thinkers of our time. He is famous for work that
contributed to important advancements in science such as space
exploration, applications of light, and atomic energy. But did you know
that Einstein was a passionate political activist?
Einstein’s involvement in social causes began in 1919, the year that his
“theory of relativity” was confirmed. He became a celebrity overnight.
When interviewed, Einstein often went beyond scientific discussion to
share his political views.
Einstein’s philosophy of internationalism was largely shaped by his
view of religion and by his early years of traveling with his parents. His
parents, though Jewish by heritage, taught him to not identify too closely
with the Jewish faith. During his childhood, Einstein lived in Germany,
Italy, and Switzerland. At 17 he renounced his German citizenship and
became a Swiss citizen at the age of 22. He often shunned nationalism,
saying, “I am by heritage a Jew, by citizenship a Swiss, and by makeup a
human being – without any special attachment to any state or national Martian canals depicted by Percival
entity whatsoever.” Lowell. Dated prior to 1914. Public
domain in the US. Created prior to 1926
In his forties, Einstein became a passionate humanitarian who believed
that the protection of human rights could be attained through socialism States. He took a job in California
and pacifism. However, when the Nazis included him in their rejection of and in 1940 became a citizen. As
the Jews and burned his scientific works, he came to realize that pacifism an American citizen Einstein’s
was no longer an option. He wanted Hitler defeated! thinking evolved further. He of-
When Hitler came to power in 1933, Einstein was in the United ten expressed his appreciation of
6 History Magazine Spring 2022
about to come topside to watch a Roosevelt fell face first, bloodied.
cannon salute. Tyler tarried briefly, An aide said, “the President escaped
the gun exploded killing Tyler’s death by just about two inches.”
Secretaries of State and Navy and Harry Truman barely dodged as-
QUARTERLY
others, including the father of sassination in 1950 (by two Puerto
24-year-old Julia Gardiner. When Rican nationalists), as did Gerald Volume 24 Number 1
Tyler came on deck, he caught the Ford (twice in September 1975) SPRING 2022
fainted girl and “consoled” her. and Ronald Reagan (1981).
PUBLISHER & EDITOR
Four months later, the 54-year-old One bit of luck worked in reverse. Edward Zapletal
President married her; they had On President William McKinley’s [email protected]
seven children. 1901 trip to the Southwest, his ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
Rick Cree
In the early 1860s, Lincoln riding wife Ida got a badly infected finger,
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horseback to the Soldiers’ Home, delaying the planned trip to the
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heard a shot and a bullet whistle Pan-American Expo in Buffalo un-
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In 1902, Theodore Roosevelt was date with destiny and assassin Leon
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riding in an open carriage with the Czolgosz. Sometimes fortune has
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Spring 2022 History Magazine 7
USS CONSTITUTION
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T A F T E R T H E WA R O F 1 8 1 2
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he is the oldest ship afloat and America’s Ship of State. Yet she barely In 1916, Congress authorized a
survived to enjoy these honorifics. new Constitution, a battle cruiser.
From launch through the War, her history is well known. The Navy renamed the original
After the War, she first served in the Mediterranean Squadron, on escort vessel Old Constitution – but not
details. She had other major cruises, including a circumnavigation. By for long. New Constitution was
midcentury, she was worn out. In 1858 she was decommissioned for the cancelled before it started con-
first time, but not scrapped as were other ships of her era. The rest of the struction. Her original name was
century she spent in periods of decay, punctuated by partial renovations. returned in 1925.
Classrooms and sleeping quarters were built on deck. She made occasion- That same year a Board of In-
al training voyages when seaworthy. She spent the decades harbored from spection and Survey found her to
Portsmouth to Annapolis. In 1897 she was towed to Boston. be severely deteriorated and rec-
Bostonians took pride in the old frigate. 1903 saw the Massachusetts ommended she be “rebuilt and
Historical Society (led by Charles Francis Adams III, descendent of refitted…as a seaworthy vessel.”
Presidents and a seasoned sailing yachtsman) to petition Congress to re- Congress authorized restoration,
store her. Two years later, the Secretary of the Navy suggested that she be but not funds. Subscriptions and
demolished by use for target practice. The uproar over this suggestion donations would provide the mon-
reached the President, Theodore Roosevelt (author of The Naval War of ey from the American people di-
1812), and instead some restoration funds were given. rectly – if they wanted it restored,
H A I R A RT: FA S H I O N
W I T H A M AC A B R E T W I S T
O
ne of the more interesting – if not macabre – fashion trends of years deceased and boiled to impart elas-
past is that of hair art jewelry. Although jewelry made with human ticity and remove oil; the hair was
hair dates to the 1600s, the trend enjoyed renewed popularity in the then combed flat in preparation for
19th century, gaining traction when it was rumored that Napoleon wore a its use. One of the earliest forms
watch chain made of the hair of his wife Empress Marie Louise. of this art was the mourning ring.
Hair art surged in popularity when French wig makers, thrown into Hair from the deceased was woven
unemployment in Revolutionary France, needed to find other avenues into a ring which was distributed
for their talents. Elaborate wigs, closely associated with the aristocracy at the funeral to the “chief mourn-
who began losing their heads – literally – went out of vogue. So, wig ers” – those of high social standing.
makers used their expertise to create intricate designs of hair art, fash- Other items, such as lockets and
ioning everything from elaborate mourning and engagement jewelry to medallions, were also quite popu-
hair adorned snuff and trinket boxes. lar. Hair of the deceased was woven
The skill of weaving hair into artwork quickly spread to America where around a silhouette of the individ-
it became an outlet for upper class women to relieve the boredom of daily ual on the front, their monogram
life. The Victorian era was a sentimental time and creating mementos in fashioned in hair on the back.
tribute to a lost loved one quickly became regarded as an elegant pursuit. The creation of mourning scenes
After all, hair, like love, was everlasting. was another extension of the hair
Upon death, the deceased’s hair was used in a variety of projects by craze. First, the hair was chopped
hair artisans. First, large amounts of hair were cut from the head of the into a fine powder and sprinkled
8 History Magazine Spring 2022
people had paid to restore Constitution, and so
they should be able to see her. It is said that Navy
staff were reluctant to pursue the tour, so Adams
threatened to pilot her himself. From 1931 to
1934 she toured the Atlantic, Gulf and Pacific
coasts. Millions saw her. After she returned to
Boston, another period of decay began.
An inspection in 1970 found that end-to-end
reconstruction was needed. The upcoming Bi-
centennial of the United States inspired funding
and action. President Gerald Ford in 1974 signed
legislation to transfer her to the National Park
Service – she remains U.S. Navy. The next year
saw her complete refurbishment: in service, sea-
worthy and sailable. Her naval hull number (IX
21) was removed – there is no ship like her. She
USS Constitution in 1997. Todd Stevens USN/Wikimedia Commons
led the Bicentennial tall ship parade and fired
they would pay for it. Schoolchildren collected pennies, salutes from her functional cannons. A perma-
and drawings were sold. Donations raised about two- nent staff for ongoing maintenance was finally
thirds of the cost. Congress reluctantly funded the balance appointed to end the decay-and-repair cycle.
in 1929. The goal was that she would be seaworthy but not President Barack Obama in 2009 signed legis-
sailable, and she achieved that. lation designating her the only “Ship of State” in
That same year, Charles Francis Adams III became the world. And every year, hundreds of thousands
Secretary of the Navy. He not only finished the restora- visit the proud ship and crew.
tion, but also initiated a National Cruise. He felt that the — Peter Deane
was minced into a fine powder and
then mixed into brown-toned (sepia)
paint which was used to paint a scene
onto ivory or glass. Sentimental Vic-
torians included flowers and other
symbols in these scenes to convey cer-
tain sentiments: a violet representing
faithfulness, a palm tree for peace, an
anchor for hope, a lily for eternal life.
The possibilities were endless. Hair
was braided into necklaces, brooch-
es, bracelets, cuff buttons, and water
chains. A couple might wear match-
ing pieces, earrings for the woman
and matching shirt studs for her beau.
A family in Charleston was known to
Mourning brooches containing the hair of a deceased relative.
have three large dinner napkins em-
Courtesy Wellcome Trust, Wikimedia Commons
broidered entirely in hair. Enormous
onto a piece of glass; a sheet of wax paper brushed with adhesive was wreaths were woven to frame family
then applied. When dry, the paper was stamped into various designs portraits.
and arranged into a somber mourning scene which frequently depict- Unfortunately (or fortunately), by
ed a grieving widow weeping over a headstone or orphaned children the turn of the century, the macabre
crying in a churchyard; the weeping willow tree and funeral urns were practice of hair art died and, most
ubiquitous in these creations. Mourning scenes were also painted – in likely, will never know a revitalization.
particular, sepia painting was another way to honor the deceased. Hair — Lisa Taylor Scott
Spring 2022 History Magazine 9
S King Charles II returned from exile in
G
1660 to rule England and Scotland.
N Public domain
I
K
H
S the royal claimant to the vacant
I
L thrones of England and Scotland
G
N was at the lowest point of his life.
E The future King Charles II was
born in 1630, oldest surviving son
of Charles I and his wife Queen
Henrietta Maria, daughter of
Henri IV of France. Next came a
sister, Princess Mary, who wed
William II, the Prince of Orange
(their son would become King
William III of England). In 1633
a brother, James was born; made
the Duke of York, and one day
would succeed Charles II as king.
The young Prince Charles was
still a child when England sailed
into two of the stormiest decades in
its long history. Charles I stubborn-
ly asserted royal power. England
and Scotland were then separate
countries, but as head of the house
of Stuart, Charles I ruled both of
them. During the “Eleven Years’
K I N G Tyranny” of 1629-1640, the king
ruled without ever convening Par-
liament. Rebellions in Scotland
C H A R L E S I I and Ireland, followed by Parlia-
mentary and Puritan opposition
to the king, led to the outbreak of
the English Civil War in 1642.
The future Charles II, aged 12,
DAVID A. NORRIS LOOKS BACK was present at some of the early
fighting. He took nominal com-
AT THE SOMETIMES TUMULTUOUS
mand of a Royalist army in 1645,
25-YEAR REIGN OF THE but had to flee to Europe the next
year when the Royalist cause col-
“MERRY MONARCH”
lapsed. Charles I was tried, con-
victed, and executed in 1649.
I
n early September 1651, army patrols scoured Shropshire, Eng- The theoretical crowns of Eng-
land. Their enemies were crushed at the 3 September 1651 Bat- land and Scotland went to Charles
tle of Worcester, and soldiers of the republican regime of Oliver I’s eldest son. Loyal Scots pro-
Cromwell hunted for Royalist survivors of the battle. One of these claimed him their king, but his
fugitives had a £1,000 reward on his head. At least one patrol rode hopes of taking the throne ended
under the shade of a grand oak tree outside a manor called Boscobel with the defeat of the last Royalist
House. Had the soldiers riding under the oak looked up more carefully army at the Battle of Worcester.
into the great tree, they would have been rich men. High in its branches, After Worcester, Charles stayed
perched stock-still amid the pattern of oak branches and shade, clung in hiding for about 40 days, guard-
two fugitives, the most wanted man in Europe, Prince Charles Stuart ed by a small number of faithful
and a loyal officer guarding him. Now on the run and almost alone, retainers. He hid in the homes
10 History Magazine Spring 2022
