Historical Dictionary of Neoclassical Art and Architecture

313 Pages·2011·2.07 MB·English

by  Allison Lee Palmer

HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF LITERATURE
AND THE ARTS
Jon Woronoff, Series Editor
Science Fiction Literature, by Brian Stableford, 2004.
Hong Kong Cinema, by Lisa Odham Stokes, 2007.
American Radio Soap Operas, by Jim Cox, 2005.
Japanese Traditional Theatre, by Samuel L. Leiter, 2006.
Fantasy Literature, by Brian Stableford, 2005.
Australian and New Zealand Cinema, by Albert Moran and Errol Vieth,
2006.
African-American Television, by Kathleen Fearn-Banks, 2006.
Lesbian Literature, by Meredith Miller, 2006.
Scandinavian Literature and Theater, by Jan Sjåvik, 2006.
British Radio, by Seán Street, 2006.
German Theater, by William Grange, 2006.
African American Cinema, by S. Torriano Berry and Venise Berry, 2006.
Sacred Music, by Joseph P. Swain, 2006.
Russian Theater, by Laurence Senelick, 2007.
French Cinema, by Dayna Oscherwitz and MaryEllen Higgins, 2007.
Postmodernist Literature and Theater, by Fran Mason, 2007.
Irish Cinema, by Roderick Flynn and Pat Brereton, 2007.
Australian Radio and Television, by Albert Moran and Chris Keating, 2007.
Polish Cinema, by Marek Haltof, 2007.
Old Time Radio, by Robert C. Reinehr and Jon D. Swartz, 2008.
Renaissance Art, by Lilian H. Zirpolo, 2008.
Broadway Musical, by William A. Everett and Paul R. Laird, 2008.
American Theater: Modernism, by James Fisher and Felicia Hardison
Londré, 2008.
German Cinema, by Robert C. Reimer and Carol J. Reimer, 2008.
Horror Cinema, by Peter Hutchings, 2008.
Westerns in Cinema, by Paul Varner, 2008.
Chinese Theater, by Tan Ye, 2008.
It alian Cinema, by Gino Moliterno, 2008.
Architecture, by Allison Lee Palmer, 2008.
Russian and Soviet Cinema, by Peter Rollberg, 2008.
African American Theater, by Anthony D. Hill, 2009.
Postwar German Literature, by William Grange, 2009.
Modern Japanese Literature and Theater, by J. Scott Miller, 2009.
Animation and Cartoons, by Nichola Dobson, 2009.
Modern Chinese Literature, by Li-hua Ying, 2010.
Middle Eastern Cinema, by Terri Ginsberg and Chris Lippard, 2010.
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Spanish Cinema, by Alberto Mira, 2010.
Film Noir, by Andrew Spicer, 2010.
French Theater, by Edward Forman, 2010.
Choral Music, by Melvin P. Unger, 2010.
Westerns in Literature, by Paul Varner, 2010.
Baroque Art and Architecture, by Lilian H. Zirpolo, 2010.
Surrealism, by Keith Aspley, 2010.
Science Fiction Cinema, by M. Keith Booker, 2010.
Latin American Literature and Theater, by Richard A. Young and Odile
Cisneros, 2010.
Children’s Literature, by Emer O’Sullivan, 2010.
German Literature to 1945, by William Grange, 2011.
Neoclassical Art and Architecture, by Allison Lee Palmer, 2011.
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Historical Dictionary of
Neoclassical Art
and Architecture
Allison Lee Palmer
The Scarecrow Press, Inc.
Lanham • Toronto • Plymouth, UK
2011
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Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc.
A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.
4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706
http://www.scarecrowpress.com
Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom
Copyright © 2011 by Allison Lee Palmer
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems,
without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
passages in a review.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Palmer, Allison Lee, 1963–
Historical dictionary of neoclassical art and architecture / Allison Lee Palmer.
p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of literature and the arts)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-8108-6195-4 (hardback : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-8108-7474-9
(ebook)
1. Neoclassicism (Art)—Dictionaries. 2. Neoclassicism (Architecture)—Dictionaries.
I. Title.
N6425.N4P35 2011
709.03'41—dc22 2010042163
™
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American
National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library
Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992.
Printed in the United States of America
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To my sons,
Julian and Evan
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Contents
Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff ix
Preface xi
Chronology xiii
Introduction 1
THE DICTIONARY 15
Bibliography 253
About the Author 287
vii
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Editor’s Foreword
Breaking artistic movements down into periods is no easy matter and nam-
ing them can be even harder, to say nothing of explaining them, as the case
of neoclassicism amply demonstrates. The heyday, most agree, is from the
1750s to the 1830s and a bit beyond. How about the name? This is another
one of those “neos,” but just what does it hark back to? Certainly Renaissance
Italian painting, by the likes of Raphael, highly admired at the time, but also
reaching much further back to ancient Roman civilization, which artists and
tourists flocking to Italy saw all around them, and gradually even further to
the works of classical Greece, which were finally becoming accessible in the
18th century. Rococo by then had become excessively complicated and gar-
ish, and here were new models that were refreshingly simple and harmonious.
As it happens, this style appealed not only to the public but also to their lead-
ers, whether the monarchs or the revolutionary Napoleon, and they used it to
strengthen or restore their status; to some extent it was imposed by the “acad-
emy.” Thus despite living in one of the most revolutionary eras in history,
or maybe because of that, marked by the French and American revolutions,
the philosophy of Enlightenment, and the Industrial Revolution, neoclassi-
cism prevailed until the much freer and more emotional style of romanticism
gradually took over. Yet, although neoclassicism is now also an “old” move-
ment, remnants of it—often in the form of official and other buildings—still
surround those living in many parts of Europe, so it remains familiar. And
periodically the pendulum does swing back on occasion toward the simple
and harmonious so it can return in one form or another.
So much for the defining and naming, but that is nothing compared to the
explaining, which is the task of this Historical Dictionary of Neoclassical Art
and Architecture. It does this explaining admirably several times over. First,
the chronology helps put things in order, not only the artistic accomplish-
ments of the period but also the sometimes rather chaotic political and social
background. The introduction provides a broader context, one in which to
examine the emergence, spread, and ultimately decline of a movement that,
as noted, still surrounds many of us today although it now seems less “popu-
lar” than others. But the main contribution is the dictionary section, since it
ix
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