Historical Atlas of Canada, Volume 3: Addressing the Twentieth Century, 1891-1961

224 Pages·1987·62.81 MB·English

by  R. Cole Harris

HISTORICAL ATLAS OF CANADA
VOLUME III
EDITORIAL BOARD
Chad Gaffield
Gregory S. Kealey
L.D. McCann
Marvin Mclnnis
James W. Simmons
HISTOR ICAL
ATLAS OF
C x / \ J N J \ L j J \
Volume III
Addressing the Twentieth Century
1891-1961
Donald Ken Deryck W. Holdsworth
EDITOR EDITOR
Susan L. Laskin
ASSISTANT EDITOR
Geoffrey J. Matthews
CARTOGRAPHER/DESIGNER
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS
Toronto Buffalo London
For Alexandre, Dyan, Felix, Jean-Philippe,
Jennifer, Lily, Mathew, Michael, Peter, and Stewart
and for the young people of the twenty-first century
www.utppublishing.com
© University of Toronto Press 1990
Toronto Buffalo London
Printed in Canada
ISBN 0-8020-3448-9
Get ouvrage est egalement disponible en langue franchise
aux Presses de 1'Universite de Montreal.
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Historical atlas of Canada
Partial contents: v. 3. Addressing the twentieth century, 1891-1961 /
Donald Kerr, Deryck W. Holdsworth [editors].
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-8020-3448-9 (v. 3).
i. Canada - Historical geography - Maps.
i. Matthews, Geoffrey J., 1932-
Gin6.siH581987 911'.71 c87~o94228-x
The research, cartography, and publication of
volume in of the Historical Atlas of Canada
have been funded by the
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
Contents
Donors xvi
Foreword xvii
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxii
Canada 1891-1961: An Overview
1
3
CANADA IN 1891 ECONOMIC GROWTH
Marvin Mclnnis, Peter J. Usher (native land use) Marvin Mclnnis
Map Map
The Land: Native Land Use; Non-Native Land Use Growth of Economic Production: 1891; 1929; 1961
Table Graphs
Major Urban Centres Gross Domestic Product per Capita, 1890-1960
Manufacturing Production per Capita, 1899-1957
2
Foreign Investment: Investment in Canada, 1900-1960;
Total Value, 1900-1960; Canadian Investment Abroad,
TERRITORIAL EVOLUTION 1926-1960
National Work-Force, 1891-1961
Norman L. Nicholson, Robert Galois (BC), Michael Staveley Balance of Trade, 1901-1960
(Nfld) Exports, 1891-1960: Destination and Value; Commodities
Imports, 1891-1960: Origin and Values; Commodities
Maps
Selected Exports, 1891-1960: Wheat and Flour; Newsprint
Canada, 1891-1961
Selected Imports, 1891-1960: Machinery; Petroleum
Two Views of Land in British Columbia: Gitskan and
Wet'suwet'en Territories; Pre-Emptor's Map
4
Arctic Exploration
Proposals for the Prairie Provinces, 1905
POPULATION COMPOSITION
Newfoundland Joins Confederation: First Poll of the Referen-
dum; Second Poll of the Referendum
Donald Cartwright, Murdo MacPherson
Graphs
Regional Share of Territory: 1891; 1949 Maps
Newfoundland Joins Confederation: The Final Results of the Ethnic Origin: 1901; 1931; 1961
Referendum Rural and Urban Population: 1901; 1931; 1961
The Bilingual Belt, 1961
Graphs
Population Profile: 1901; 1931; 1961
Population Growth, 1891-1961
Major Ethnic Groups, 1901-1961
PART ONE
THE GREAT TRANSFORMATION
1891-1929
National Economic Patterns
5 8
PRIMARY PRODUCTION WHOLESALE TRADE
Marvin Mclnnis Donald Kerr, Gerald Bloomfield, G.E. Mills (lumber)
Maps Maps
Distribution of Primary Production, 1921 Dixon Brothers General Store, 1889
Agricultural Production: Prairie Provinces, 1921; Central Value of Wholesaling, 1930
Canada, 1891; Central Canada, 1921 Canadian Western Lumber Company, 1913
Graphs Imperial Oil Company, 1919
Production, 1891-1926: Forestry; Fishing; Agriculture; Massey-Harris Company Branch Territory Sales, 1892-1911
Mining Graphs
Total Value of Agricultural Production, 1921 Wholesaling, 1930: Sales in Selected Cities; Sales by Type of
Wholesaler; Net Sales in Selected Cities; Total Net Sales;
6
Sales by Establishments
Imperial Oil Company Sales by Product, 1919
THE EXPANSION AND CONSOLIDATION OF Massey-Harris Company Sales, 1892-1911
RAILWAYS 9
Christopher Andreae
FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS
Maps
Corporate Structure to 1960 Gunter Gad, William Code, Neil Quigley
Expansion of the Railway Network to 1960
Maps
Freight Traffic, ca 1932: Traffic Volume; Density by Region
Changing Location of Bank Head Offices to 1931
Graphs
The Insurance Industry, 1921
Corporate Connections, 1850-1960
Development of the National Branch System of Banks: 1890;
Gross Revenue and Trackage, 1897-1960
1931
Construction of the First Main Track, 1848-1961
Loans and Deposits of the Bank of Nova Scotia, 1901-1926
Type of Freight, 1907-1960; Freight Rates Relative to Other
Mortgage Loans of Life-Insurance Companies, 1921, 1928
Prices, 1890-1926; Freight Rates by Territory, 1880-1940;
Graphs
Grain and Flour Rates, 1886-1929
Assets of Financial Intermediaries, 1891-1931
Illustration
The Ten Largest Banks by Assests, 1891-1931
Evolution of Corporate Emblems
Bank Assets by Location of Head Office, 1891-1931
7 The Ten Largest Insurance Companies by Assets, 1891-1931
Insurance-Company Assets by Location of Head Office,
1891-1931
THE CHANGING STRUCTURE OF
Nationality of Insurance Companies, 1891-1931
MANUFACTURING
Structure of Banking, 1891-1931
Gerald Bloomfield, Michael Hinton (cotton), Ted Regehr (news- 10
print), Glen Williams (investment)
Maps THE EMERGENCE OF THE URBAN SYSTEM
Corporate Concentration in the Cotton Industry: 1885; 1892;
1912 James W. Simmons, Michael P. Conzen (railways), Donald Kerr
The Emergence of Corporate Ownership in the Newsprint (telephones)
Industry: 1925; 1930
Maps
Manufacturing Production, 1890-1929
The Urban Network: 1891; 1921
Manufacturing Employment, 1929
Population Change, 1891-1921
American Branch Plants, 1913
The Long-Distance Telephone Network, 1888-1932
Production in the Motor-Vehicle Industry, 1929; Plant Size
Telephone Connections from Montreal, 1888-1932
and Ownership: 1912; 1921
Graphs
Total Capacity in the Cotton Industry, 1879-1912
Newsprint Production, 1918-1930; Capacity by Company,
1930
Origin of Capital Investment of Growth Industries, 1920
Production in the Motor-Vehicle Industry, 1908-1929;
Production by Manufacturer, 1918-1929
Regional Dimensions of the Production System
11 15
RESOURCE-BASED INDUSTRIES IN CENTRAL THE EMERGENCE OF CORPORATE
CANADA TORONTO
Marvin Mclnnis Gunter Gad, Deryck W. Holds worth
Maps Maps
Production: 1891; 1926 Investment in Industrial Buildings, 1912
Cheese Factories and Creameries, Leeds and Grenville Central-Area Land Use: 1890; 1914
Counties, 1891 Expansion of Built-Up and Industrial Areas: 1890; 1923
Graphs Expansion of Eaton's and Simpson's, 1890-1930
Production and Export, 1891 and 1926: Vegetable Canning; Offices of Company Presidents, 1913
Butter Making; Pulp Milling; Meat Packing; Cheese Making; Offices of Banks and Law Firms: 1890; 1914
Sawmilling; Flour Milling; Milk Condensing (1926 only) Graphs
Dominion Bank, 1911: National Employment
12
Toronto 'Plutocrats,' 1913: Presidencies and Directorships;
Interlocking Directorships
ELECTRICITY AND INDUSTRIAL DEVELOP- Building Occupancy, King Street, South Side: 1890; 1914
Illustration
MENT IN CENTRAL CANADA
King Street, South Side: 1890; 1914
Gerald Bloomfield, Rene Hardy, Pierre Lanthier, Normand Seguin
16
Maps
Major Electricity Transmission Systems: 1906; 1911; 1918;
RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ON THE SHIELD
1928
Growth of Manufacturing in the Niagara Region: 1904-1929; Susan L. Laskin
Power Production and Industrial Consumption, 1929
Power and Industry in the Saint-Maurice Valley: 1910; 1930 Maps
Hydroelectric Generating Capacity by Region, 1906-1928 Resource Development, 1928
Graphs The Sudbury Area
Industrial Generating Capacity, 1901-1928 Plan of the 'Model Town' of Kapuskasing, August 1922
HEPCO Domestic-Service Rates, Southern Ontario, 1911-1925 Graphs
Niagara Falls, Ontario: Power Generation and Exports, Head-Office Locations of Mining Companies on the Shield,
1911-1928 1926: Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec
Power Ownership by Region, 1906-1928 Silver Shipments, 1904-1928
Gold Production: Porcupine Area, 1910-1928; Kirkland Lake
13 Area, 1912-1928; Canada, 1893-1928
Smelting in the Sudbury Area, 1892-1928
Sudbury and Copper Cliff, 1931: Ethnic Origin of
URBAN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN
Population; Composition of the Work-Force
CENTRAL CANADA
Provincial Wood-Pulp Production, 1920-1928
Provincial Paper Production, 1922-1928
Elizabeth Bloomfield, Gerald Bloomfield, Marc Vallieres (Quebec)
Illustration
Maps A Northern Silver Mine, by Franklin Carmichael
Manufacturing Production: 1905; 1915; 1929; Growth of
17
Manufacturing: 1890-1905; 1905-1915; 1915-1929
Industrialization in the Windsor Area: 1905; 1926-1927;
Workplace and Residence of Ford Motor Company PEOPLING THE PRAIRIES
Employees, 1926-1927
Industrialization in Berlin/Kitchener-Waterloo: 1897; 1927; William J. Carlyle, John C. Lehr, G.E. Mills (homesteaders'
Workplace and Residence; 1897; 1927 shelter)
Industrialization in Quebec, 1912; Workplace and Residence
Maps
of Employees in the Leather Industry, 1913
Population of the 'North West,' 1904
Graphs
Ukrainian Settlement in Southern Manitoba, 1901
Regional Share of Manufacturing, 1890-1929
The Progress of Prairie Settlement, 1901-1931
Manufacturing Structure, 1911
Disposition of Land: Township 2, Range 3, West 2,
14 Saskatchewan
Graphs
Urban and Rural Population, 1891-1931
INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN MONTREAL
Ethnic Origin, 1931
Illustrations
Paul-Andre Linteau, Sylvie Taschereau
Ukrainian Settlers' Houses
Maps A Range of Shelter for Homesteaders
The Process of Annexation, 1879-1918
Major Industrial Sites and Built-Up Area: 1879; 1915
Land Use in the Central Area, 1915
Graphs
Growth of Manufacturing, 1880-1920
Population and the Building Cycle, 1871-1931
Montreal, 1921: Work-Force; Manufacturing Work-Force
Illustration
Montreal, 1889
18 22
PRAIRIE AGRICULTURE RESOURCE COMMUNITIES IN BRITISH
COLUMBIA
Philip D. Keddie, Simon M. Evans (ranching)
Maps Robert Galois
The Wheat Belt, 1931
Maps
Improved Land, 1931
Fish Processing, Nass River, 1891-1928
Expansion of the Agricultural Frontier, 1906-1931
Mill Bay, 1913
Southeastern Saskatchewan, 1906: Agricultural Land; Rail-
Land Use, Fraser Mills, 1931
ways and Towns
The Nanaimo Coal Fields, 1891-1928
The Ranching Frontier: Origin of Leaseholders, 1886; Rail-
Metal Mining, Phoenix, ca 1911
ways and the Open Range; Cattle Shipments, 1902; Cattle
Graphs
Shipments, 1910
Provinical Salmon Cannery, 1902-1928
Graph
Seasonal Activity, Mill Bay Cannery, 1913
Expansion of Farmland in the Prairie Provinces, 1881-1931
Canadian Western Lumber Company, Fraser Mills, 1931:
Ethnic Composition of the Town's Work-Force; Ethnic
19
Composition of the Company's Work-Force; Residence of
the Caucasian Work-Force
THE GRAIN-HANDLING SYSTEM
Fatal Accidents, Vancouver Island Coal Mines, 1891-1928
Provincial Coal Production, 1891-1928
John C. Everitt, Donna Shimamura Everitt, Susan L. Laskin
Phoenix, 1911: Ethnicity; Marital Status
(the Lakehead)
Tables
Maps Mill Bay, 1913: Salmon Catch by Ethnic Group
Waskada, Manitoba, 1916 Phoenix, 1911: Production by Mining Company
Waskada Branch Line: 1916-1917; 1928-1929 Illustration
Movement of Wheat, 1928-1929 Rawhide, Gold Drop, and Horseshoe Mines, Phoenix, 1909
Terminal Elevators at the Lakehead to 1929
23
Graphs
The Cost of Moving a Bushel of Wheat from Saskatchewan to
Liverpool, UK, 1925 SEA AND LIVELIHOOD IN ATLANTIC
Monthly Wheat Prices, 1928-1929
CANADA
Export Destination of Wheat, 1928-1929
The Major Elevator Companies, 1900-1961 Eric W. Sager, John J. Mannion (Point Lance)
Growth of the Elevator Network, 1890-1960
Maps
Ownership of Lakehead Elevators, 1902-1930
Fishermen and Their Catch, 1890 and 1900
20 Nets and Lobster Traps, 1900
Boats and Vessels, 1900
The Fisherman's Protective Union
LAND DEVELOPMENT IN EDMONTON
Sealing Disasters
P.J. Smith Point Lance: A Newfoundland Outport, 1890-1920
Graphs
Maps
Fishermen as Percentage of Total Work-Force, 1891-1931
Subdivided and Developed Land, 1914
Fish Exports from the Maritimes, 1890-1925
Subdivisions in the Greater Edmonton Area, 1914
Newfoundland Salt Cod Exports, 1890-1949
Development in Garneau Neighbourhood to 1939
Newfoundland Seal-Products Exports, 1890-1929
Central Area Development, 1914
Table
First Survey, Edmonton Settlement, 1882
Point Lance Fishery, 1884-1935
Municipal Boundary Changes to 1914
Illustrations
The Streetcar Network to 1920
A Lunenburg Dory-Fishing Power Schooner
Land Forfeited to the Municipality, 1920-1929
Trawl Dory-Rigged for Sailing
Graph
A Lunenburg Deep-Sea Fishing Schooner
Edmonton Building Permits, 1905-1951
Nova Scotian Steam Trawler
21
24
BRITISH COLUMBIA RESOURCE
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE MARITIMES
DEVELOPMENT
L.D. McCann
Robert Galois
Maps
Maps Nova Scotia Steel and the Structure of Manufacturing,
Resource Activity: 1891; 1912; 1928 1910-1911
Graphs New Brunswick Forest Industry: 1891; 1911; 1931
Value of Resources, 1891-1928 Metal Manufacturers in Pictou County: 1911; 1931
Type of Fishery, 1891-1928 Decline in Industrial Cape Breton: 1911; 1931
Salmon Canning by Region, 1891-1928 Change in Manufacturing Employment, 1920-1929
Water-Borne Salmon Shipments, 1923-1928 Metropolitan Outreach: 1881; 1911; 1931
Water-Borne Lumber Shipments, 1891-1928 Graphs
Lumber Production, 1915-1928 The Labour Force, 1891, 1929
Type of Mining, 1891-1928 Major Corporate Changes in the Iron and Steel Industry to
Coke and Coal Markets, 1891-1928 1926
Mining by Region, 1891-1928 New Brunswick Forest Industry: Production and
Employment, 1891-1931
Branch Outlets in the Maritimes: 1891; 1911; 1931
25 26
PORT DEVELOPMENT IN HALIFAX THE GREAT WAR
L.D. McCann Christopher A. Sharpe
Maps Maps
Halifax: 1896; 1912; 1926 Enlistment and Military Installations
Halifax Area Imperial Munitions Board Contracts, 1915-1919
The Halifax Explosion, 1917 The Royal Newfoundland Regiment, Final Tally, St John's
Proposed Harbour Development, 1913 Enlistment
Graphs Canadian Military Hospitals and Cemeteries in Europe
Labour Force: 1881; 1911; 1931 Casualties and Medical-Care Facilities
Ship Traffic in Halifax Harbour, 1878-1926 Graphs
Cargo Movement through Major Ports, 1890-1960 Victory Loan Campaigns, 1917-1918
Illustration Canadian Patriotic Fund, 1914-1919
The City of Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1890 (detail) Provincial Share of Manufacturing and War Trade, 1915
Casualty Rates of Selected Battalions
Military Service Act, 1917: Defaulted
Revenue and Public Debt, 1900-1939
Taxes, 1915-1939
Casualties of CEF Canada and CEF Overseas
Fatalities of CEF Overseas
Canadian Society during the Great Transformation
27 30
MIGRATION THE SOCIAL LANDSCAPE OF MONTREAL, 1901
Marvin Mclnnis Sherry Olson, David Hanna
Maps Maps
The Move to the West, 1891-1914; Origin and Destination of Concentration of Skilled Workers
Ontario Migrants to the Prairies, 1900-1911 Median Rent by Street
Immigration, 1896-1914 Linguistic Origin
Immigration to the Prairies, 1896-1914 Graphs
Canadians Living in the United States, 1930 Rental and Occupational Profile along Mountain Street
Graphs Montreal Rent Distribution Centred on Saint-Laurent
Immigration to Canada, 1891-1961 Boulevard
Asian Immigration, 1891-1931 Selected Occupations and Rent Classes
Origin of American Homesteaders on the Prairies, 1890-1914 Illustration
Distribution of Immigrant Population, 1921 A Scale of Living Space
Canadians Moving to the United States, 1890-1914
31
28
WINNIPEG: A DIVIDED CITY
ELEMENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE
Daniel J. Hiebert
Marvin Mclnnis
Maps
Maps Population by Ethnic Origin and Place of Residence: The
Demographic Change: 1891-1901, 1901-1911, 1911-1921, North End, 1891-1921; Winnipeg and St Boniface, 1921
1921-1931 Ethnic Institutions, 1921
Net Migration: 1891-1901, 1901-1911, 1911-1921, 1921-1931 Infant Mortality Rates by Section, 1921
Graph Deaths from Pneumonia and Influenza, November 1918
Regional Net Migration, 1891-1961 Occupation and Income, 1921
Urban Growth and Land Use
29
Graphs
Population of Winnipeg and St Boniface: Place of Birth,
THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION 1891-1921; Ethnic Origin, 1886-1921
Socio-Economic Distribution by Ethnic Origin, 1921
Marvin Mclnnis
Maps
Marital Fertility, 1891
Change in Marital Fertility, 1891-1931
Infant Mortality, 1891
Change in Infant Mortality, 1891-1931
Graphs
International Decline in Fertility, 1890-1930
Marital Fertility and Infant Mortality, 1891 and 1931
International Decline in Infant Mortality, 1890-1930