Himalayan Aromatic Medicinal Plants

55 Pages·2016·0.75 MB·English

medicines
Review
Himalayan Aromatic Medicinal Plants: A Review of
their Ethnopharmacology, Volatile Phytochemistry,
and Biological Activities
RakeshK.Joshi1,PrabodhSatyal2andWiliamN.Setzer2,*
1 DepartmentofEducation,GovernmentofUttrakhand,Nainital263001,India;[email protected]
2 DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofAlabamainHuntsville,Huntsville,AL35899,USA;
[email protected]
* Correspondence:[email protected];Tel.:[phone];Fax:[phone]
AcademicEditor:LutfunNahar
Received:24December2015;Accepted:3February2016;Published:19February2016
Abstract:AromaticplantshaveplayedkeyrolesinthelivesoftribalpeopleslivingintheHimalayaby
providingproductsforbothfoodandmedicine.Thisreviewpresentsasummaryofaromaticmedicinal
plantsfromtheIndianHimalaya, Nepal, andBhutan, focusingonplantspeciesforwhichvolatile
compositionshavebeendescribed.Thereviewsummarizes116aromaticplantspeciesdistributedover
26families.
Keywords:JammuandKashmir;HimachalPradesh;Uttarakhand;Nepal;Sikkim;Bhutan;essentialoils
1. Introduction
TheHimalyaCenterofPlantDiversity[1]isanarrowbandofbiodiversitylyingonthesouthern
margin of the Himalayas, the world’s highest mountain range with elevations exceeding 8000 m.
Theplantdiversityofthisregionisdefinedbythemonsoonalrains,upto10,000mmrainfall,concentrated
inthesummer,altitudinalzonation,consistingoftropicallowlandrainforests,100–1200masl,upto
alpinemeadows,4800–5500masl.Haraandco-workershaveestimatedtheretobearound6000species
ofhigherplantsinNepal,including303speciesendemictoNepaland1957speciesrestrictedtothe
Himalayanrange[2–4].TheIndianHimalayaishometomorethan8000speciesofvascularplants[5]of
which1748areknownfortheirmedicinalproperties[6].
Medicines2016,3,6;doi:10.3390/medicines3010006 www.mdpi.com/journal/medicines
Medicines2016,3,6 2of55
Higher plants have played key roles in the lives of tribal peoples living in the Himalaya by
providingforestproductsforbothfoodandmedicine. Numerouswildandcultivatedplantshavebeen
utilizedascurativeagentssinceancienttimes,andmedicinalplantshavegainedimportancerecently,
notonlyasherbalmedicines,butalsoasnaturalingredientsforthecosmeticindustry.Inthisreview,we
summarizearomaticmedicinalplantsfromBhutan,Nepal,andtheIndianHimalayaofUttarakhand,
HimachalPradesh,andJammuandKashmir(Figure1). Wehavefocusedthereviewonplantspecies
forwhichvolatilecompositionshavebeendescribed. Insearchingtheliterature(GoogleScholar),
wehaveusedthekeywords: essentialoil,Himalaya,Bhutan,Nepal,Uttarakhand,HimachalPradesh,
andKashmir. Foressentialoilsfromtheseregionsthatwerereportedintheliterature,wehavecarried
outanadditionalsearchusingtheplantnameandthekeywords,ethnobotany,ethnopharmacology.
Medicines 2016, 3, 6 2 of 52

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Table 1 summarizes the aromatic medicinal plants of the Himalayan region and includes
Table 1 summarizes the aromatic medicinal plants of the Himalayan region and includes
ethnopharmacological uses of the plants, essential oil compositions, and any biological activities of
ethnopharmacological uses of the plants, essential oil compositions, and any biological activities
the essential oils. In addition, we describe in more detail some important genera and species used as
oftheessentialoils. Inaddition,wedescribeinmoredetailsomeimportantgeneraandspeciesused
aromatic medicinal plants in this region.
asaromaticmedicinalplantsinthisregion.
Medicines2016,3,6 3of55
Table1.Ethnopharmacology,biologicalactivities,andessentialoilcompositionsofHimalayanaromaticmedicinalplants.
PlantSpecies(Family) Ethnopharmacology BioactivityofHimalayanEssentialOil MajorEssentialOilComponents
ThetribalpeopleoftheSewaRiverareaofJammuandKashmir, LeafessentialoilfromUttarakhand,India:α-pinene(16.8%),camphene
Abiespindrow(RoyleexD. India,usetheleavestotreatbronchitisandasthma;theinnerbarkis NonereportedforHimalayan (19.9%),β-pinene(6.5%),myrcene(6.7%),limonene(21.0%)[8].
Don)Royle(Pinaceae) takenforconstipation;andtheconesareusedasadiureticand essentialoils. StemessentialoilfromUttarakhand:α-pinene(13.8%),β-pinene(8.6%),
purgative[7]. myrcene(8.3%),limonene(24.4%)[8].
AerialpartsessentialoilfromSrinagar,Kashmir(JammuandKashmir,
ThetribalpeopleoftheSewaRiverareaofJammuandKashmir,
India):β-pinene(10.6%),1,8-cineole(15.1%),β-caryophyllene(16.2%),
AchilleamillefoliumL. India,useaninfusionofplantasadiuretic;vaporsfromleavesand NonereportedforHimalayan
α-terpineol(0.1%),borneol(0.2%)[9].AerialpartsessentialoilfromSisso,
(Asteraceae) flowersareusedtotreatcoldsandfever;teafromleavesisgivento essentialoils.
Lahaul-Spiti(HimachalPradesh,India):β-pinene(14.0%),1,8-cineole
treatcold[7].
(3.2%),β-caryophyllene(12.5%),α-terpineol(4.4%),borneol(8.5%)[9].
RhizomeoilfromBiratnagar,Nepal.
ThetribalpeopleoftheSewaRiverareaofJammuandKashmir,
India,applytheleafpastetowounds[7].ThepeopleofBaitadiand Artemiasalinalethality(LC50=9.5
µg/mL),cytotoxic(MCF-7),antifungal
Darchuladistrictsoffar-westernNepalusethejuiceoftherhizome
(Aspergillusniger,MIC=19.5µg/mL) RhizomeessentialoilfromBiratnagar,easternNepal.Rhizome:
asananthelmintic;thejuiceisgivenforstomachache[10].Inthe
AcoruscalamusL. [14].(Z)-AsaronefromAcoruscalamus (Z)-asarone(84.0%–86.9%),(E)-asarone(1.9%–4.0%)[14].Leafessentialoil
RasuwaDistrictofcentralNepal[11],andtheSetiRiverareaof
(Araceae) inhibitedgrowthofCandidaalbicansat fromBiratnagar,Nepal:(Z)-asarone(78.1%),(E)-asarone(9.9%)[14].
westernNepal[12],therhizomeischewedtotreatcoughs,colds,
0.5mg/mLandwasfungicidalat8 RhizomeoilfromUttarakhand,India:(Z)-asarone(81.1%–92.4%)[17].
andsorethroat.IntheJutpaniVillage,Chitwandistrictofcentral
mg/mL[15].(Z)-Asaroneinhibited
Nepal,therhizomepasteisappliedtowoundsandswellingto
intracellularlipidaccumulationduring
reduceinflammation[13].
adipocytedifferentiation[16].
ThepeopleofBaitadiandDarchuladistrictsoffar-westernNepal
LeafoilfromfromBiratnagar,eastern
usealeafdecoctionusedtotreatdysentery,diarrhea,respiratory
Nepal,Culexpipienslarvicidal
tractinfections,andheartailments[10].TribalpeopleintheSeti
RiverareaofwesternNepalusethebarkjuiceagainstdiarrheaand (LC50=2.15µg/mL), LeafessentialoilfromBiratnagar,easternNepal:limonene(64.1%),
Aeglemarmelos(L.)Corrêa Caenorhabditiselegansnematicidal (E)-β-ocimene(9.7%),germacreneB(4.7%)[20].Severalleafoilsamples
stomachache[12].InIndia,theleafpasteisusedexternallytotreat
(Rutaceae) abcesses,cuts,wounds,ulcers.Fruitistakeninternallyfor (LC50=113µg/mL),insecticidal fromUttarakhand,India:limonene(31.0%–90.3%),α-phellandrene
(Reticulitermesvirginicus, (trace-43.5%),(E)-β-ocimene(0.7%–7.9%)[21].
gastrointestinalproblems(vomiting,dysentery,diarrhea)[18].
Drosophilamelanogaster,
PeopleinKumaun,Uttarakhand,usethefruitstotreatdigestive
Solenopsisinvictaˆrichteri)[20].
disorders[19].
TribalpeopleintheSetiRiverareaofwesternNepalapplytheleaf
AerialpartsessentialoilfromKumaun,Uttarakhand,India:
AgeratumconyzoidesL. juicetocutsandwounds[12].PeoplefromKumoun,Uttrakhand, NonereportedforHimalayan
ageratochromene(42.5%),demothoxyageratochromene(16.7%),
(Asteraceae)* Indiausetheleafextracttostopbleeding[19]andtotreatskin essentialoils.
β-caryophyllene(20.7%)[23].
diseases(ringworm,scabies,sores,burnsboils,cuts)[22].
AerialpartsessentialoilfromIndia,
Ageratumhoustonianum AerialpartsessentialoilfromIndia:ageratochromene(52.6%),
Plantjuiceusedexternallytotreatcutsandwounds[24]. antibacterial(Micrococcusluteus,
Mill.(Asteraceae)* demothoxyageratochromene(22.5%),β-caryophyllene(9.7%)[25].
Rhodococcusrhodochrous)[25].
AjugaparvifloraBenth. TribalpeopleintheMornaulaReserveForestofKumoun,west NonereportedforHimalayan LeafessentialoilfromUttarakhand,India:β-caryophyllene(22.4%),
(Lamiaceae) Himalaya,Indiausetheleavesusedasananthelmintic(Ascaris)[22]. essentialoils. γ-muurolene(12.7%),γ-terpinene(6.3%),caryophylleneoxide(6.2%)[26].
Medicines2016,3,6 4of55
Table1.Cont.
PlantSpecies(Family) Ethnopharmacology BioactivityofHimalayanEssentialOil MajorEssentialOilComponents
SeedoilfromTerhathumdistrict,eastern
SeedessentialoilfromTerhathumdistrict,easternNepal:1,8-cineole
Nepal,antifungal(Aspergillusniger,
(60.8%),α-terpineol(9.8%),α-pinene(6.4%),β-pinene(8.3%).Pericarp:
InAyurveda,theplantisusedtotreatindigestion,vomiting, MIC=19.5µg/mL),nematicidal
AmomumsubulatumRoxb. 1,8-cineole(39.0%),α-terpineol(12.3%),α-pinene(4.8%),β-pinene
biliousness,abdominalpains,rectaldiseases;throattrouble,lung (Caenorhabditiselegans,
(Zingiberaceae) (17.7%)[28].SeveralseedoilsamplesfromHimachalPradesh,India:
congestion,pulmonarytuberculosis[27]. LC50=341µg/mL),insecticidal 1,8-cineole(50.6%–60.5%),α-terpineol(14.9%–16.5%),limonene
(Drosophilamelanogaster,
(5.5%–11.8%),terpinen-4-ol(2.6%–5.4%),nerolidol(3.8%–6.0%)[29].
LC50=441µg/mL)[28].
IntheMornaulaPreserveForestofKumoun,westHimalaya,the
LeafoilfromToranmalForest,Satpuda
Anisomelesindica(L.) peopleusethewholeplantasanantidotetopoisonousbites[22]. LeafessentialoilfromToranmalForest,SatpudaValley,Maharashtra,
Valley,Maharashtra,India,antibacterial
Kuntze(Lamiaceae) InfarwesternNepal,theleafextractistakenforurinary India:isobornylacetate(64.6%),isothujone(6.0%)[31].
(Bacilluspumilus)[31].
complaints[30].
Araliacachemirica TherootisusedtraditionallyinHimachalPradesh,India,forgastric NonereportedforHimalayan LeafessentialoilfromUttarakhand,India:α-pinene(41.0%),β-pinene
Decne.(Araliaceae) complaints[32]. essentialoils. (35.1%).Root:α-pinene(52.7%),β-pinene(13.6%)[33].
UsedintraditionalmedicineinIndia[34].Theroot,leaf,stembark,
AristolochiaindicaL. NonereportedforHimalayan StemessentialoilfromArunachalPradesh:trans-pinocarveol(24.4%),
givenforfever,asananthelmintic(intestinalworms),andtotreat
(Aristolochiaceae) essentialoils. α-pinene(16.4%),pinocarvone(14.2%)[35].
snakebites.Giventochildrentotreatdiarrheaandbowelcomplaints.
AerialpartsessentialoilfromShansha,Kirting(HimachalPradesh),India:
A.dracunculus(tarragon)isusedthroughouttheworldflavoring capillene(58.4%),(Z)-β-ocimene(8.6%),β-phellandrene(7.0%),
food[36,37].IntheNubraValley(Kashmir),KibberWildlife terpinolene(5.9%)[36].LeafoilsamplefromSanatNagar,(Jammuand
ArtemisiadracunculusL. Sanctuary(HimachalPradesh),andtheLahualValley(Himachal NonereportedforHimalayan Kashmir),India:acenaphthene(51.7%),capillene(12.6%),(Z)-β-ocimene
(Asteraceae) Pradesh),anextractoftheplantisusedusedtorelievetoothache, essentialoils. (12.2%).Stem:acenaphthene(32.6%),capillene(34.7%),(Z)-β-ocimene
reducefever,andasatreatmentforgastrointestinalproblems (17.6%).Root:acenaphthene(66.6%),capillene(22.8%)[37].Aerialparts
[38–40]. essentialoilfromKashmir,India:capillene(60.2%),(Z)-β-ocimene(12.7%),
5-phenyl-1,3-pentadiyne(5.1%)[41]
LeafoilsamplefromKirtipur,
ArtemisiadubiaWall.ex InNewarcommunityofKathmandu,Nepal,theleafjuiceisusedto Kathmandu,Nepalshowedcytotoxic LeafoilsamplefromKirtipur,Kathmandu,Nepal:chrysanthenone
Besser(Asteraceae) treatcutsandwounds[42]. (MCF-7)activityandmarginalantifungal (29.0%),coumarin(18.3%),andcamphor(16.4%)[43].
activity(Aspergillusniger)[43].
AerialpartsessentialoilfromasamplefromMalari,Garhwalregion,
India:artemisiaketone(28.2%),1,8-cineole(13.0%),sabinene(6.6%)[45].
IntheHumladistrictofnorthwesternNepal,thefreshplantis EssentialoilfromtheaerialpartsofasamplefromNitivalley,
ArtemisiagmeliniiWeber NonereportedforHimalayan
groundintoapasteanappliedexternallytocureheadache,boils, Uttarakhand,India:artemisiaketone(53.3%),α-thujone(9.9%),1,8-cineole
exStechm.(Asteraceae) essentialoils.
andpimples[44]. (6.6%)[46].EssentialoilfromtheaerialpartsofasamplefromJhelum,
Uttarakhand,India:artemisiaketone(40.9%),α-thujone(4.0%),
ar-curcumene(8.5%)[46].
Medicines2016,3,6 5of55
Table1.Cont.
PlantSpecies(Family) Ethnopharmacology BioactivityofHimalayanEssentialOil MajorEssentialOilComponents
SamplefromNepalnotantimicrobial;
notcytotoxic[43].SamplefromKashmir
LeafoilsamplefromDhulikhel,Kavre,Nepal:ascaridole(15.4%),
antibacterial(Bacillussubtilis,
isoascaridole(9.9%),trans-p-mentha-2,8-dien-1-ol(9.7%),and
IntheRasuwaDistrictofcentralNepal[11],andtheSetiRiverarea Staphylococcusepidermidis,
trans-verbenol(8.4%)[43].AerialpartsessentialoilfromDaksum,
ArtemisiaindicaWilld. ofwesternNepal[12],aleafpasteisappliedtocutsandwounds.In Pseudomonasaeruginosa,Salmonellatyphi,
Kokerrnag(Kashmir),India:artemisiaketone(42.1%),germacreneB
(Asteraceae) theNewarcommunityofKathmandu,Nepal,thewholeplant/leaf Klebsiellapneumoniae,
(8.6%),borneol(6.1%)andcis-chrysanthenylacetate(4.8%)[47].Aerial
juiceisusedforanti-leechandindigestion[42]. Penicilliumchrysogenum,Aspergillusniger)
partsessentialoilfromGarhwalHimalaya,Uttarakhand,India:davanone
andcytotoxic[THP-1(leukemia),A-549
(30.8%),β-pinene(15.3%),germacreneD(5.8%)[48].
(lung),HEP-2(liver)andCaco-2
(colon)][47]
IntheGarhwalHimalaya(Uttarakhand),theleavesusedasincense AerialpartsessentialoilfromUttarakhand:linalool(27.5%),germacreneD
ArtemisiajaponicaThunb. NonereportedforHimalayan
andinsecticide[49].InnorthernPakistan,theleafextractusedto (11.2%),(E)-β-ocimene(6.5%),1,8-cineole(5.5%),(Z)-β-ocimene
(Asteraceae) essentialoils.
treatmalaria;pasteofleavesusedexternallyonskindiseases[50]. (5.5%)[51].
AerialpartsessentialoilfromasamplefromMalari,Garhwalregion,
India:α-thujone(63.3%),sabinene(7.8%),1,8-cineole(6.5%)[45].Aerial
partsessentialoilfromPooh,HimachalPradesh,India:1,8-cineole(23.8%),
chrysanthenone(17.5%)[54].AerialpartsessentialoilfromRhongtong
Pass,HimachalPradesh,India:1,8-cineole(37.3%),chrysanthenone
TheBhotspeopleofSpitiValley,HimachalPradesh,Indiaapplythe TheessentialoilfromLahaul-Spiti,
ArtemisiamaritimaL. (38.1%)[54].AerialpartsessentialoilfromLahaul-Spiti,Himachal
rootjuiceexternallytotreatboils;adecoctionoftheleavesistaken HimachalPradesh,
(Asteraceae) Pradesh,India:1,8-cineole(44.2%),camphor(9.2%),borneol(10.9%)[54].
orallytoremoveabdominalparasites[52]. notantimicrobial[53].
EssentialoilfromtheaerialpartsgrowinginChamolidistrictofGarhwal
(Uttarakhand),India:1,8-cineole(23.6%),chrystanthenone(25.7%),
germacreneD(6.7%)[55].AerialpartsessentialoilfromLahaul-Spiti,
HimachalPradesh,India:1,8-cineole(27.2%),camphor(44.4%),camphene
(5.9%)[53].
AerialpartsessentialoilfromLahaul-Spiti,HimachalPradesh,India:
Aerialpartsessentialoilfrom Aerialparts:camphor(12.6%),artemisiaketone(10.2%),caryophyllene
Lahaul-Spiti,HimachalPradesh,India oxide(7.4%),borneol(5.3%)[53].Aerialpartsessentialoilfrom
showedantifungalactivityagainst Uttarakhand,India:α-thujone(36.4%),β-thujone(9.4%),germacreneD
Colletotrichumacutatum,Colletotrichum (6.3%),terpinen-4-ol(6.3%)[58].AerialpartsessentialoilfromGarhwal
fragariae,andColletotrichum region(Uttarakhand),India(500masl):α-thujone(36.9%),β-thujone
gloeosporioides[53].Aerialpartsessential (8.2%),terpinen-4-ol(7.1%)[60].AerialpartsessentialoilfromGarhwal
Artemisianilagirica PeopleintheParvativalley(HimachalPradesh),India,applyaleaf oilfromUttarakhand,Indiashowed region(Uttarakhand),India(1200masl):mequinylp-nitrobenzoate
(C.B.Clarke)Pamp. pastetocutsandwounds[56].InDarjeeling(WestBengal)India,the antifungalactivityagainstRhizoctonia (22.1%),β-eudesmol(12.4%),β-caryophyllene(7.4%)[60].Aerialparts
(Asteraceae) plantischewedtotreatoralulcers[57]. solani,Sclerotiumrolfsii,and essentialoilfromGarhwalregion(Uttarakhand),India(2000masl):
Macrophominaphaseolina[58].Aerial linalool(32.5%),isopulegylacetate(20.7%),sabinene(6.6%),
partsessentialoilfromUttarakhand, β-caryophyllene(6.5%)[60].LeafoilfromMandi(1044masl),Himachal
India,showedantibacterialactivity Pradesh,India:caryophylleneoxide(28.6%),methanoazulene(10.9%)[61].
againstStaphylococcusaureus(MIC=6.25 LeafoilfromManali(2050masl),HimachalPradesh,India:borneol
µg/mL)andPseudomonasaeruginosa (35.8%),methanozaulene(14.7%),caryophylleneoxide(13.4%)[61].Leaf
(MIC=12.5µg/mL)[59]. oilfromShimla(2210masl),HimachalPradesh,India:camphor(46.9%),
β-caryophyllene(13.3%),α-humulene(9.7%)[61].
Medicines2016,3,6 6of55
Table1.Cont.
PlantSpecies(Family) Ethnopharmacology BioactivityofHimalayanEssentialOil MajorEssentialOilComponents
AerialpartsessentialoilfromKumaun(Uttarakhand),India:germacrene
PeopleinKumaun,Uttarakhand,usetheplanttotreatskindiseases,
Artemisiaparviflora D(41.01%),β-caryophyllene(10.58%),α-humulene(7.86%)[63].Aerial
burns,cuts,andwounds;fumesareusedasinsectrepellents[19]. NonereportedforHimalayan
Buch.-Ham.exD.Don partsfromPauri,PauriGarhwal(Uttarakhand),India:β-caryophyllene
TheindigenouspeopleofJammuandKashmir,India,usethewhole essentialoils.
(Asteraceae) (15.3%),germacreneD(14.7%),camphor(11.4%),artemisiaketone(7.8%),
plantasadiuretic[62].
1,8-cineole(5.8%)[64].
AerialpartsessentialoilfromasamplefromKedarnath,Garhwalregion,
India:β-thujone(65.3%)[45].Essentialoilfromaerialpartsofplants
InGarhwalHimalaya(Uttarakhand),India,thewholeplantextract cultivatedinItalyfromseedscollectedinKumbuvalley,Nepal:
isusedasatonicandtorelievefever;theplantextractisrubbedon 1,8-cineole(16.6%),camphor(15.2%)α-thujone(10.0%)[65].Aerialparts
Artemisiaroxburghiana NonereportedforHimalayan
theskintotreatallergicreactions[49].InthewesternHimalayaof essentialoilfromMussoorie(Uttarakhand),India:borneol(21.2%),linalyl
Besser(Asteraceae) essentialoils.
northernPakistan,thewholeplantextractisusedforfever;the acetate(7.4%),α-humulene(6.7%)[66].Aerialpartsessentialoilfrom
powderofwholeplanttakenforintestinalworms[50]. Bhatwari(Uttarakhand),India:β-caryophyllene(16.3%),α-thujone
(12.0%)[66].AerialpartsessentialoilfromBhaldana(Uttarakhand),India:
β-caryophyllene(18.4%),eugenol(16.2%)[66].
AerialpartsessentialoilfromUttarakhand,India:capillene(42.1%),
ThetribalpeopleoftheSewaRiverareaofJammuandKashmir,
β-caryophyllene(12.5%),myrcene(9.2%),β-pinene(8.6%),p-cymene
India,usetheleavestotreatstomachproblems,intestinalworms, Aerialpartsessentialoilfrom
(6.8%),γ-terpinene(5.3%),1-phenyl-2,4-pentadiyne(1.1%)[59].Leafoil
indigestion;theleafpowder(mixedwithoil)ismassagedonjointsto Uttarakhandwasantibacterialagainst
ArtemisiascopariaWaldst. fromMilamglacier,Uttarakhand,India:capillene(60.2%),γ-terpinene
releavepain[7].TheBhotspeopleofSpitiValley,HimachalPradesh, Staphylococcusaureus
andKit.(Asteraceae) (11.1%),1-phenyl-2,4-pentadiyne(1.0%);rootoil:capillene(82.9%),
India,useapastemadefromtheleavestotreatearache[49]. (MIC=12.5µg/mL)andBacillussubtilis
1-phenyl-2,4-pentadiyne(2.6%)[68].Aerialpartsessentialoilfrom
InhabitantsofNandaDeviNationalPark(Uttarakhand),Indiaapply (MIC=12.5µg/mL)[59].
Tajikistan:β-pinene(21.3%),1-phenyl-2,4-pentadiyne(34.2%),myrcene
apasteoftheleavestocutsandwounds[67].
(5.2%),capillene(4.9%)[69].
InNepal,crushedleavesareusedtostopnosebleeds;leavesare
ArtemisiavulgarisL. Leafessentialoilnotantimicrobial;not LeafessentialoilfromHetaudaMakwanpur,Nepal:α-thujone(30.5%),
chewedformouthulcers[70].InthewesternHimalayaofnorthern
(Asteraceae) cytotoxic[43]. 1,8-cineole(12.4%),andcamphor(10.3%)[43].
Pakistan,theleafextractisusedforfever[50].
Essentialoilfromtheaerialparts
collectedfromBaratnagar,easternNepal:
AerialpartsessentialoilfromBaratnagar,easternNepal:
Blumealacera(Burm.f.) InhabitantsoftheSewaRiverareaofJammuandKashmir,India,use Cytotoxic(MDA-MB-231,MCF-7,5637
(Z)-lachnophyllumester(25.5%),(Z)-lachnophyllicacid(17.0%),
DC.(Asteraceae) theleavesasanantipyretic,febrifuge,diuretic,andanthelmintic[7]. cells),antimicrobial
germacreneD(11.0%),(E)-β-farnesene(10.1%)[71].
(Staphylococcusaureus,Candidaalbicans,
Aspergillusniger)[71].
InhabitantsoftheSewaRiverareaofJammuandKashmir,India,use AerialpartsofessentialoilsfromwesternHimalaya,India:germacreneD
Boenninghauseniaalbiflora
theshootstorepelinsects;therootusedtorelievetoothache[7]. NonereportedfromHimalayan (4.2%–18.2%),τ-cadinol(0.1%–16.3%),β-caryophyllene(4.6%–13.1%),
(Hook.)Rchb.exMeisn.
PeopleintheMornaulaReserveForestofKumaun(Uttarakhand), essentialoils. globulol(0.3%–9.2%),β-copaene-4α-ol(0.1%–7.5%),myrcene(2.1%–26.1%)
(Rutaceae)
India,userootsoftheplanttokillfleas,lice,andinsects[22]. andβ-pinene(8.4%–13.8%)[72].
Medicines2016,3,6 7of55
Table1.Cont.
PlantSpecies(Family) Ethnopharmacology BioactivityofHimalayanEssentialOil MajorEssentialOilComponents
EssentialoilsamplefromNepal,
LeafessentialoilofplantcultivatedinBiratnagar,Nepal:1,8-cineole
Insecticidal(Drosophilamelanogaster,
Callistemoncitrinus (52.1%),α-terpineol(14.7%),eugenol(14.2%)[74].Leafessentialoilfrom
ThelocalpeopleinvillagesofBhabartractofGarhwal(Uttarakhand), Reticulitermesvirginicus)[74].Essential
(Curtis)Skeels Nainital,Uttarakhand,India:1,8-cineole(66.3%),α-pinene(18.7%)[76].
India,usetheplantasanantibacterialandantifungalagent[73]. oilsamplefromPalampur,Himachal
(Myrtaceae)* LeafessentialoilofplantcultivatedinPalampur,HimachalPradesh,India:
Pradeshwascytotoxic(A549,
α-pinene(32.3%),limonene(13.1%),α-terpineol(14.6%)[75].
IC50=84.0µg/mL)[75].
LocalpeopleintheRasuwadistrictofcentralNepal[11]andthe
TanahundistrictofwesternNepal[12]takeapastemadefromthe
plantforstomachproblems.IntheHumladistrictofwesternNepal,
thejuiceoftheleavesandflowersisappliedexternallyonskin
CannabissativaL. NonereportedforHimalayan Leafessentialoilfromwild-growingplantinBiratnagar,Nepal:
diseases,cuts,andwounds;thejuiceistakenorallytotreat
(Cannabinaceae) essentialoils. β-caryophyllene(20.4%),α-humulene(7.0%),α-bisabolol(5.8%)[77].
diarrhea[44].InfarwesternNepal,thelocalpeopleapplytheleaf
juicetocontrolbleeding[30].IntheParvativalley,Himachal
Pradesh,India,aleafpasteisusedontumors;leafpowderusedon
woundsandsores[56].
InfarwesternNepal,fruitsareappliedtotreatswellingofbreastand
testicles[30].InnorthwesternNepal,thefruitsarechewedtocure NonereportedforHimalayan SeedoilfromUttarakhand,India:carvone(65.8%–78.8%),limonene
CarumcarviL.(Apiaceae)
stomachproblems,fever,swellings,cough,cold,andtokillintestinal essentialoils. (19.4%–31.6%)[78].
worms[44].
IntheAyurvedicsystem,leavesareusedasalaxative;applied LeafoilfromNepal,antifungal LeafessentialoilfromBiratnagar,Nepal:eugenol(25.0%),(E)-phytol
CassiafistulaL.(Fabaceae) externallyforchilblains,insectbites,swelling,rheumatism,skin (Aspergillusniger,MIC=78µg/mL; (21.5%),camphor(13.5%),limonene(11.0%),salicylalcohol(10.4%),
eruptions,ringworm,eczema[79]. Candidaalbicans,MIC=313µg/mL)[80]. linalool(9.9%),and4-hydroxybenzylalcohol(8.7%)[80].
VillagersintheKaliGandakiwatershedareaofNepalusetheleaf Leafoilmarginallyantibacterial
LeafoilfromBiratnagar,Nepal:elemol(26.9%),linalool(19.6%),palmitic
CassiatoraL.(Fabaceae) pastetotreatskindisease;totreatstomachache,thepowderedseeds (Bacilluscereus,Staphylococcusaureus,
acid(15.3%)[82].
aretakenonanemptystomach.[81]. MIC=625µg/mL)[82].
ThepeopleofBaitadiandDarchuladistrictsoffar-westernNepal
usethewoodessentialoilexternallyforscabies[10].Peopleofthe
Karnalizone,westernNepal,massagetheleafessentialoiltorelieve
rheumaticpain[83].IntheSewaRivercatchmentarea,Jammuand
WoodessentialoilfromHimachal
Cedrusdeodara(Roxb.ex Kashmir,India,thebarkisusedasadiuretic,carminative, WoodessentialoilfromHimachalPradesh,India:β-himachalene(38.3%),
Pradesh,India,insecticidal
D.Don)G.Don(Pinaceae) antiflatulent,andforurinarydisorders[7].PeopleinKumaun, α-himachalene(17.1%),γ-himachalene(12.6%)[85].
(Plutellaxylostellalarvae)[84].
Uttarakhand,usethefumesfromthebarkandwoodasasnake
repellent[19].PeoplelivingintheNandaDeviNationalPark
(Uttarakhand),India,useadecoctionofthebarkdecoctionusedto
treatfeveranddysentery[67].
Medicines2016,3,6 8of55
Table1.Cont.
PlantSpecies(Family) Ethnopharmacology BioactivityofHimalayanEssentialOil MajorEssentialOilComponents
ThepeopleofBaitadiandDarchuladistrictsoffar-westernNepal
usetheleafjuicetotreaturinaryproblemsandcutsandwounds[10].
NonereportedforHimalayanessential
TribalpeopleintheSetiRiverareaofwesternNepalusethejuice
oils,butanessentialoilsamplefrom
fromthewholeplanttotreatfeverorurinarytractinfections[12].
SouthAfricahasshownantibacterial AerialpartsessentialoilfromKathmandu,Nepal:Isocaryophyllene
Centellaasiatica(L.)Urb. PeopleintheJutpaniVillage,ChitwandistrictofcentralNepal,chew
activity(Bacillussubtilis, (9.2%–32.3%),β-caryophyllene(7.5%–24.5%),α-humulene(0.1%–17.1%),
(Apiaceae) theleavesandstemstorelieveheadache[13].PeopleinKumaun,
Staphylococcusaureus,Escherichiacoli, (E)-β-farnesene(1.7%–18.9%)[87].
Uttarakhand,usetheleavesusedtoprepareabraintonic[19].Tribal
Pseudomonasaeruginosa,
peopleintheMornaulaReserveForestofKumoun,westHimalaya,
Shigellasonnei)[86].
India,prepareatonicmadefromthewholeplanttouseasan
anthelmintic,totreatdysentery,cholera,diarrhea[22].
LeafoilfromUttarakhand,antibacterial LeafoilfromMilamglacier(Uttarakhand):γ-terpinene(74.9%),p-cymene
IntheLahaul-SpitidistrictofHimachalPradesh,thepeopleconsume
Chaerophyllumvillosum (Staphylococcusaureus,Streptococcus (10.0%)[91].RootessentialoilfromUttarakhand:carvacrolmethylether
theseedsandleavestocurestomachpain[88],coldsand
Wall.exDC.(Apiaceae) mutans),antifungal(Candidaalbicans, (31.1%),myristicin(19.1%),thymolmethylether(18.6%),γ-terpinene
coughs[89].
Candidaglabrata)[90] (11.7%)[92].
NonereportedforHimalayanessential
PeopleintheSudhanGaliareaofPakistan,consideraninfusionof
oils,butanascaridole-richessentialoil
Chenopodiumambrosioides herbtobecarminative,diaphoretic,andemmenagogue;itisgivenin AerialpartsessentialoilfromUttarakhand:α-terpinene(8.3-44.7%),
samplefromCubahasshown
L.(Amaranthaceae)* cough,pulmonaryobstruction,andamenorrheaandis p-cymene(21.3%–27.1%),ascaridole(17.9%–45.0%)[95].
antiparasiticactivity(Leishmania
recommendedfortheexpulsionofthedeadfetus[93].
amazonensis)[94].
Chrysanthemum ThelocalpeopleinvillagesofBhabartractofGarhwal
NonereportedforHimalayan Aerialparts:camphor(11.0%),chrysanthenone(7.6%),α-cadinol(4.8%),
cinerariifolium(Trevir.)Vis. (Uttarakhand),India,usetheplantexternallytotreatscabiesand
essentialoils. γ-muurolene(4.6%)andcis-chrysanthenol(4.4%)[96].
(Asteraceae) otherskindiseases[73].
EssentialoilfromPantnagar,
Uttarakhandshowedantibacterial
activityagainstPasturellamultocida[97].
EssentialoilfromLucknow,India
(dominatedby(1R)-(+)-camphor),
LeafoilfromPantnagar,Uttarakhand:camphor(82.4%)[97].Leafoilfrom
Theplantisusedasananti-inflammatory,antiseptic,antiviral, showedantifungalactivityagainst
Cinnamomumcamphora(L.) Naukuchiatal,Uttarakhand:camphor(81.5%)[101].Leafoilfrom
bactericidal,counterirritant,diuretic,expectorant,stimulant, Choanephoracucurbitarum[99].Leafoil
J.Presl.(Lauraceae) Hetauda,Makwanpur,Nepal:camphor(36.5%),camphene(11.7%),
rubefacient,vermifuge,decongestant,coughsuppressant[97,98]. fromNepal,Artemiasalinalethality
limonene(9.0%),sabinene(6.3%),β-pinene(6.3%)[100].
(LC50=2.5µg/mL),Antifungal
(Aspergillusniger,MIC=19.5µg/mL),
Insecticidal(Chaoborusplumicornis,
Pierisrapae,Drosophilamelanogaster,
Solenopsisinvictaˆrichteri)[100].
Medicines2016,3,6 9of55
Table1.Cont.
PlantSpecies(Family) Ethnopharmacology BioactivityofHimalayanEssentialOil MajorEssentialOilComponents
LeafoilfromnorthernIndia,
antibacterial:Gram-positivebacteria
Micrococcusluteus(MIC=6.86µg/mL);
Cinnamomum IntheDolakhadistrict,Nepal,apasteoftherootsisusedtotreat Gram-negativebacteria,Escherichiacoli
LeafoilfromnorthernIndia:1,8-cineole(41.4%),α-pinene(20.3%),
glanduliferum(Wall.) woundsandtoothache[102].InnorthernIndia,theleavesareused (MIC=3.40µg/mL),
α-terpineol(9.4%),germacreneD-4-ol(6.1%)andα-thujene(5.10%)[103].
Meisn.(Lauraceae) asastimulant,carminative,andtotreatcoughsandcolds[103]. Pseudomonasaeruginosa
(MIC=3.43µg/mL),and
Aeromonassalmonicida
(MIC=1.72µg/mL)[103].
FruitoilfromHetauda,Makwanpur,
Nepal,nematicidal
(Caenorhabditiselegans, FruitessentialoilfromHetauda,Makwanpur,Nepal:methyl
Cinnamomumglaucescens InManipur,India,thepowderedbarkisusedtotreatkidney LC50=151µg/mL),insecticidal (E)-cinnamate(40.5%)1,8-cineole(24.8%),α-terpineol(7.4%)[100].
(Culexpipiens, CommercialfruitessentialoilfromNepal:methyl(E)-cinnamate(14%)
Hand.-Mazz.(Lauraceae) trouble[104].
Reticulitermesvirginicus)[100].Fruitoil 1,8-cineole(13%),α-terpineol(7%)[106].LeafoilfromnortheastIndia:
fromLucknow,India,insecticidal elemicin(92.9%)[107].
(Callosobruchuschinensis),antifungal
(Aspergillusflavus)[105].
RootessentialoilfromHetauda,Makwanpur,Nepal:camphor(35.0%),
linalool(10.6%),p-cymene(8.5%),o-cymene(6.8%),and1,8-cineole
RootessentialoilfromNepal, (6.1%)[100].LeafoilfromJeolikote,Uttarakhand:(E)-cinnamaldehyde
insecticidal(Culexpipiens, (79.4%),(E)-cinnamylacetate(3.7%),linalool(5.4%)[101].Leafoilfrom
Solenopsisinvictaˆrichteri)[100].Leafoil Munsyari,Uttarakhand:linalool(52.5%),(E)-cinnamaldehyde(26.4%),
Cinnamomumtamala IndigenouspeopleinfarwesternNepalusetheleavestotreatgastric
fromMunsyari,Uttarakhand, 1,8-cineol(4.2%)[97].LeafoilfromLohaghat,Uttarakhand:linalool
(Buch.-Ham.)T.Neesand problems[10].IntheNewarcommunityofKathmandu,Nepal,the
antibacterial(Salmonellaenterica, (29.8%),camphor(44.0%),(E)-cinnamaldehyde(14.3%)[97].Leafoilfrom
Nees(Lauraceae) leavesareusedasaspiceandflavorant[42].
Escherichiacoli,Pasturellamultocida);leaf Champawat,Uttarakhand:linalool(24.7%),camphor(25.5%),
oilfromLogaghat,antibacterial (E)-cinnamaldehyde(30.4%)[97].LeafoilfromPannagar,Uttarakhand:
(Pasturellamultocida)[97]. eugenol(65.0%)[97].LeafessentialoilfromUttarakhand:
(E)-cinnamaldehyde(35.8%–62.3%),(E)-cinnamylacetate(4.7%–22.7%),
linalool(5.7%–16.2%)[108].
InwesternNepal,therhizomepasteisappliedexternallyforbruises,
RhizomeoilfromJagdalpur,centralIndia:xanthorrhizolisomer(12.7%),
CurcumaangustifoliaRoxb. pains,injuries,paralysis[30,44].IneasternNepal,theMechepeople NonereportedforHimalayan
methyleugenol(10.5%)[110].RhizomeoilfromTravancore,southern
(Zingiberaceae) usethedriedrhizomepowderasanantisepticincutsandwounds, essentialoils.
India:camphor(21.3%),germacrone(12.8%)[110].
andtocheckbleeding[109].
Medicines2016,3,6 10of55
Table1.Cont.
PlantSpecies(Family) Ethnopharmacology BioactivityofHimalayanEssentialOil MajorEssentialOilComponents
RhizomeoilfromBhutan:α-turmerone(30%–32%),ar-turmerone
(17%–26%),β-turmerone(15%–18%).Leaf:α-phellandrene(18.2%),
IntheKumaondivisionofUttarakhand,thepowderedrhizomeis LeafoilfromNigeriacytotoxic(Hs578T,
1,8-cineole(14.6%),p-cymene(13.3%)[117].Rhizomeoilfromnorthern
usedasanantiseptic[19].InNepal,thepowderedrhizometaken PC-3),antimicrobial(Bacilluscereus,
CurcumalongaL.(syn. India:α-turmerone(44.1%),ar-turmerone(5.4%),β-turmerone(18.5%).
orallytocuregastritis.Itisusedasacarminative,stimulant, Staphylococcusaureus,
Curcumadomestica Leaf:α-phellandrene(53.4%),1,8-cineole(10.5%),terpinolene
anti-inflammatory,andanthelmintic;externally,therhizomeis Aspergillusniger)[115].Rhizomeoilfrom
Valeton)(Zingiberaceae) (11.5%)[118].RhizomeoilfromNigeria:α-turmerone(20.8%),
mixedwithalumandappliedasapastetowounds,inflamedjoints Nigerialarvicidal
ar-turmerone(44.4%),β-turmerone(26.5%)[116].LeafoilfromNigeria:
andsprains[111–114]. (Anophelesgambiae)[116].
α-phellandrene(17.5%),1,8-cineole(4.1%),α-terpinolene(17.8%),
p-cymene(15.7%),β-pinene(11.7%)[115].
InfarwesternNepal,theplantpasteusedforheadache,bodyache,
CuscutareflexaRoxb. EssentialoilfromNepal,antifungal EssentialoilfromNepal:cis-3-butyl-4-vinylcyclopentane(26.4%),
itching[10].InNepal,theplantiscrushed,decocted,andtheliquid
(Convolvulaceae) (Aspergillusniger)[119]. limonene(5.1%),(E)-nerolidol(9.5%)[119].
takenasatreatmentforjaundice[12,42,44].
AerialpartsfromfromNainital(Uttarakhand):α-oxobisabolene
(68%)[122].AerialpartsfromMunsyari(Uttarakhand):neral/geranial
AerialpartsessentialoilfromYunnan, (35.0%),geraniol(9.5%),geranylacetate(15.0%)[122].LeafoilfromThal
Cymbopogondistans
AerialpartsusedinPakistan(LakkiMarwat)ascarminative, China,insectrepellent(Liposcelis (Uttarakhand):α-terpinene(24.9%),piperitone(45.3%)[123].Leafoilfrom
(NeesexSteud.)Will.
preventionofheartdiseases,flavoringagent[120]. bostrychophila[booklouse],Tribolium Jabarkhet(Uttarakhand):limonene(12.6%),bornylacetate(27.9%)[123].
Watson(Poaceae)
castaneum[redflourbeetle])[121]. LeafoilfromNarayanAshram(Uttarakhand):α-terpinene(22.4%),
cis-p-menth-2-en-1-ol(22.7%),trans-p-menth-2-en-1-ol(10.8%),cis-piperitol
(13.0%),trans-piperitol(5.6%)[123].
LeafoilfromUttarakhand,antibacterial
Dodecadeniagrandiflora LeafoilfromUttarakhand:germacreneD(26.0%),furanodiene
RipefruitsareeateninGarhwalHimalaya(India)[124]. (Staphylococcusaureus,
Nees(Lauraceae) (13.7%)[101].
Pasteurellamultocida)[125].
IncommunitiesofKathmandudistrict,Nepal,theleafjuiceusedto
Elsholtziaflava(Benth.) treatinsectbites[42].IntheParvatiValley,theflowersareusedto LeafoilfromUttarakhand:piperitenone(30.8%),carvacrol(4.8%),
NonereportedforHimalayanplants.
Benth.(Lamiaceae) treatskindiseases,diarrhea,andstomachache[126].Theseedsare (Z)-anethole(4.4%),γ-elemene(4.8%)[128].
alsousedasacurry[127]
EryngiumfoetidumL. NativetotheNeotropics;decoctionofaerialpartsusedforpains, NonereportedforHimalayan AerialpartsfromfarwesternNepal:(E)-2-dodecenal(58.1%),dodecanal
(Apiaceae)* fevers,gastrointestinalproblems[129]. essentialoils. (10.7%),2,3,6-trimethylbenzaldehyde(7.4%),(E)-2-tridecenal(6.7%)[130].
Aerialparts:p-cymene(16.6%),bornylacetate(15.6%),amorph-4-en-7-ol
(9.6%),camphene(8.9%)[23].Aerialpartsessentialoilfromnorthern
Aerialpartsessentialoil,antibacterial India:1-naphthalenol(17.5%),α-bisabolol(9.5%),bornylacetate
Eupatoriumadenophorum InNepal,theleafjuiceisusedasanantiseptic;totreatcutsand (Arthrobacterprotophormiae,Escherichia (9.0%)[25].AerialpartsessentialoilfromnorthernIndia:
Spreng.(Asteraceae)* wounds[11,12,42]. coli,Micrococcusluteus,Rhodococcus amorph-4-en-7-ol(5.8-17.7%),bornylacetate(7.6-15.9%),p-cymene
rhodochrous,Staphylococcusaureus)[25]. (0.1-16.6%),3-acetoxyamorpha-4,7(11)-dien-8-one(0.3-16.3%),
α-phellandrene(1.5-9.6%),camphene(0.1-8.9%),α-bisabolol(1.7-7.8%),
α-cadinol(0.6-6.2%),andamorph-4,7(11)-dien-8-one(3.2%–5.7%)[131].