Highlights of Astronomy: As presented at the XIVth General Assembly of the I.A.U. 1970

785 Pages·1971·19.843 MB·English

by  A. Hewish (auth.), Cornelis De Jager (eds.)

HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONOMICAL UNION
UNION ASTRONOMIQUE INTERNA TlONALE
HIGHLIGHTS OF ASTRONOMY
VOLUME 2
AS PRESENTED AT THE XIVth GENERAL ASSEMBLY
OF THE LA. U.
1970
EDITED BY
CORNELIS DE JAGER
(General Secretary of the Union)
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
DORDRECHT-HOLLAND
1971
Published on behalf of
the International Astronomical Union
by
D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, Holland
All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1971 by the International Astronomical Union
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1971
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 71-159657
lSBN-13: 978-94-010-3104-2 e-lSBN-13: 978-94-010-3102-8
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-010-3102-8
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm,
or any other means, without written permission from the publisher
PREFACE
After the same pattern as the XIII th General Assembly of the International Astronom
ical Union the present Volume of the Highlights in Astronomy contains the texts
of the invited discourses given at the XIVth General Assembly held in Brighton,
England, August 1970. It contains further the papers and discussion remarks presented
at the six joint discussions, as well as the invited papers given at the special session on
the Moon. In addition this Volume contains the papers given at the joint meeting of
Commissions 24, 27, 30, 33 and 37 on RR Lyrae Stars.
It goes without saying that the nearly hundred papers printed in this Volume
represent only a minor part of all matter dealt with at the XIVth General Assembly
of the Union; the many important discussions that took place in a few hundred
commission meetings are not included. For short abstracts and reviews of these the
reader is referred to Transactions of the International Astronomical Union XIVB.
I wish to thank those who contributed to this Volume for the speed in submitting
the manuscripts of their papers. This, together with the efficiency of the Publishers
allowed for a rapid publication.
C. DE JAGER
November 1970
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface v
I. INVITED DISCOURSES
A. Hewish Pulsars 3
V. L. Ginzburg Pulsars (Theoretical Considerations) 20
B. J. Bok Observational Evidence for Galactic 63
Spiral Structure
C. C. Lin Theory of Spiral Structure 88
II. SPECIAL MEETING ON DIRECT
EXPLORATION OF THE MOON
L. R. Scherer The Apollo Missions 125
G. Fielder Lunar Igneous Activity and Differentiation 142
M. Ewing, G. Latham, F. Press, Seismology of the Moon and
G. Sutton, J. Dorman, Implications on Internal Structure,
Y. Nakamura, R. Meissner, Origin and Evolution 155
F. Duennebier, and R. Kovach
C. P. Sonett, P. Dyal, Induced and Permanent Magnetism on
D. S. Colburn, B. F. Smith, the Moon: Structural and Evolutionary
G. Schubert, K. Schwartz, Implications 173
J. D. Mihalov, and C. W. Parkin
III. JOINT DISCUSSIONS
A. THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH AND PLANETS
(Edited by B. M. Middlehurst)
Opening Remarks 193
I. Origin of the Solar Nebula (inv. speaker: F. Hoyle) 195
II. Internal Constitution and Thermal Histories of the Terrestrial Planets
(inv. speaker: B. Levin) 204
III. Internal Constitution of the Giant Planets (inv. speaker: W. De Marcus) 228
IV. Open Discussion 239
VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS
B. HELIUM IN THE UNIVERSE
(Edited by J. S. Mathis)
D. E. Osterbrock Opening Remarks at Joint Discussion
on the Helium in the Universe 247
R. J. Tayler Introductory Talk 248
R. Cayrel Abundance of Helium in Stellar
Atmospheres 254
J. Faulkner The Abundance of Helium in Stellar
Interiors 269
M. J. Seaton Abundances of Helium in Gaseous
Nebulae 288
R. Kippenhahn Production of Helium by Stellar Evolution 296
R. V. Wagoner Production of Helium in Massive Objects 301
A. G. Doroshkevich, Helium Production in the Different
1. D. Novikov, R. A. Sunyaev, Cosmological Models 318
and Ya. B. Zeldovich
G. Burbidge Helium in the Universe: Final Summary 328
C. INTERSTELLAR MOLECULES
(Edited by D. McNally)
G. H. Herbig Introductory Remarks 335
1. The Observations
D. McNally Interstellar Molecules - the Optical Region 339
N.J. Woolf Infrared Observations and Interstellar
Molecules 350
C. H. Townes Microwave Evidence for Interstellar
Molecules 359
P. G. Mezger Molecules in Dense Clouds and Protostars 366
B. E. Turner OH as a Constituent of the Interstellar
Medium 378
B. Zuckerman A doublet Radiation from OH Excited
Rotational States 391
P. Palmer Interstellar Formaldehyde 394
TABLE OF CONTENTS IX
R. D. Davies The Relative Density of H, OH and H CO
2
in Interstellar Clouds 402
D. M. Rank NH3 and H 0 emission in our Galaxy 404
2
L. E. Snyder and D. Buhl Radio Emission from Interstellar Hydrogen
Cyanide and X-ogen 407
2. Formation of Molecules
G. Herzberg Laboratory Studies of the Spectra of
Interstellar Molecules 415
W. Klemperer Interstellar Molecule Formation;
Radiative Association and Exchange
Reactions 421
E. E. Salpeter Molecule Formation on Grain Surfaces 429
H. D. Breuer and H. Moesta Photochemistry of Atoms and Molecules
in the Adsorbed State 432
N. C. Wickramasinghe Interstellar Molecules from Cool Stars 438
3. Excitation Mechanisms
Panel Discussion 447
J. L. Greenstein Final Remarks 460
D. ATOMIC DATA OF IMPORTANCE
FOR ULTRAVIOLET AND X-RAY ASTRONOMY
(Edited by C. Jordan)
R. Wilson Introduction 465
D. C. Morton The Interpretation of Space Observations
of Stars and Interstellar Matter 466
L. Goldberg The Interpretation of XUV Solar Radiation 476
A. H. Gabriel Some Problems Relating to Solar Line
Identification 486
R. M. Bonnet and D. Sacotte Opacity Sources in the UV Spectrum of
the Sun 495
M. J. Seaton Atomic Data of Importance for Ultra
Violet and X-Ray Astronomy: a Review
of Theory 503
W. Eissner Computer Programs for Calculating
Atomic Data for Ions 509
x TABLE OF CONTENTS
D. R. Flower Collision Strengths for Electron Excitation
of Coronal Ions 512
D. Petrini The Electron Excitation Rate for the
Green Coronal Line at 5303 A 518
C. Jordan The Relative Intensities of Lines from
Bel-like Ions in the Solar Spectrum 519
K. T. Dolder The Relevance to Astrophysics of the
Results of Recent Experiments with
Colliding Charged-Particle Beams 527
w. Lochte-Holtgreven Results Obtained from Observations of
Laboratory Plasmas 537
R. Snyder Relativistic Contributions to Energies of
Highly Ionized Atoms 544
M. Jones Relativistic Corrections to Atomic Energy
Levels 549
R. H. Garstang Magnetic Multipole Transition
Probabilities 555
H. van Regemorter Pressure Broadening of UV Lines 561
S. Sahal-Brechot and E. Segre New Results on Electron Broadening of
some UV Lines of Nn, Cn, CIV and
Sin, Sim, Silv 566
G. Elwert and E. Haug On the Polarization and Anisotropy of
Solar X-Radiation during Flares 575
A. G. Hearn Summary of the Joint Discussion. Atomic
Data of Importance for Ultraviolet and
X-Ray Astronomy 580
E. PHOTO-ELECTRIC OBSERVATIONS OF STELLAR OCCULTATIONS
(Edited by T. J. Deeming)
T. C. van Flandern The Value of Photoelectric Occultation
Timings in Lunar Motion Studies 587
L. V. Morrison A Comparative Study of Visual and
Photoelectric Timing of Occultations 589
D. W. Dunham Geodetic Applications of Grazing
Occultations 592
TABLE OF CONTENTS XI
D. S. Evans The Investigation of Lunar Limb Structure
by Means of Stellar Occultations 601
C. Hazard Optical and Radio Occultation Analysis 607
A. T. Young Seeing Effects on Occultation Curves 622
E.H0g A Data Acquisition System with On-line
Computer 624
K. R. Lang Lunar Occultation Theory and Techniques 626
A. M. Sinzi Photoelectric Observations of Occultations
in Japan 636
E. Pansch and Chr. de Vegt A Preliminary Analysis of Photoelectric
Occultation Measurements 638
T. Krishnan The Effects of Filters and Colour on
Stellar Occultations and Appropriate
Deconvolution Procedures 646
T. J. Deeming Remarks on the Restoration of Occultation
Observations 662
M. M. McCants and R. E. Nather Analysis of Lunar Occultation Data 668
K. D. Rakos Photometric Observations of the
Occultations of Stars by the Moon 675
N. M. White Some recent Observations of Occultations
by the Moon 688
H. L. Poss Angular Diameters of the Red Giants
46 Leo and <P Aqr and Parameters of some
Binary Systems from Occultation
Observations 692
R. A. Berg Photoelectric Occultation Observations
of Regulus and the Pleiades 700
C. L. Morbey and Occultation Studies at the Dominion
J. B. Hutchings Astrophysical Observatory 708
J. Davis The Determination of Angular Diameters
of Stars 713
D. S. Evans Closing Remarks 721
XII TABLE OF CONTENTS
F. PULSARS, COSMIC RAYS AND BACKGROUND RADIATION
(Edited by M. J. Rees)
L. Woltjer Some Astrophysical Aspects of Pulsars 725
T. Gold Pulsars and the Origin of Cosmic Rays 727
A. G. W. Cameron Surface Composition and Cooling
Histories of Neutron Stars 731
V. L. Ginzburg Remarks on the Role of Pulsars in Cosmic
Ray Production 737
M. M. Shapiro Composition and Galactic Confinement of
Cosmic Rays 740
M.J. Rees The Cosmic Background Radiation:
Some Recent Developments 757
IV. THE ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDES OF THE
RR LYRAE STARS
(JOINT MEETING OF COMMISSIONS 24, 27, 30, 33 AND 37)
(Edited by W. S. Fitch)
R. Woolley The Absolute Magnitudes of the
RR Lyrae Stars 771
R. F. Christy Absolute Magnitudes of RR Lyrae Stars 777
G. van Herk Review of Observational Data on
RR Lyrae Stars 781
S. V. M. Clube Absolute Magnitudes of RR Lyrae
Variables 788
A. R. Klemola The Lick Observatory Program on Proper
Motions of RR Lyrae Stars 790
General Discussion 792