High temperature superconductors (HTS) for energy applications

423 Pages·2012·47.05 MB·English

by  Ziad Melhem

High temperature superconductors (HTS) for
energy applications
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy: Number 27
High temperature
superconductors (HTS)
for energy applications
Edited by
Ziad Melhem
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
Woodhead Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3406, USA
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First published 2012, Woodhead Publishing Limited
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011919188
ISBN 978-0-85709-012-6 (print)
ISBN 978-0-85709-529-9 (online)
ISSN 2044-9364 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy (print)
ISSN 2044-9372 Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy (online)
Typeset by Refi neCatch Limited, Bungay, Suffolk
Printed by TJI Digital, Padstow, Cornwall, UK
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents
Contributor contact details xi
Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy xv
Preface xxi
Part I Fundamental science and engineering of high
temperature superconductor (HTS) materials
and components 1
1 Fundamental issues in high temperature
superconductor (HTS) materials science and engineering 3
K. M ARKEN , Los Alamos National Laboratory, USA
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Fundamental superconductor physics 3
1.3 Types, properties and performance of HTS materials 10
1.4 Manufacturing methods for HTS materials 25
1.5 Challenges and future trends 28
1.6 Conclusions 29
1.7 Sources of further information and advice 30
1.8 References 30
2 High temperature superconductor (HTS) wires
and tapes 34
V. S ELVAMANICKAM , University of Houston, USA
2.1 Introduction 34
2.2 Challenges with high temperature superconductor
(HTS) wires and tapes 34
2.3 Manufacturing scale-up of 2G HTS tapes and prototype
devices 54
2.4 Future of HTS wires and tapes and current research focus 61
2.5 Conclusions 62
2.6 References 62
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
vi Contents
3 High temperature superconductor (HTS) cables 69
S. I. SC HLACHTER and W. G OLDACKER , Karlsruhe Institute of
Technology (KIT), Germany
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Short survey on properties and availability of technical
long length high temperature superconductors (HTS) 70
3.3 Basic requirements for cables for different applications 73
3.4 HTS cable confi gurations 75
3.5 Future trends and challenges 96
3.6 Conclusions 97
3.7 References 98
4 Bulk high temperature superconductor
(HTS) materials 101
T. C OOMBS , University of Cambridge, UK
4.1 Introduction 101
4.2 Design of bulk high temperature superconductor (HTS)
materials 106
4.3 Development and application of bulk HTS materials 110
4.4 Challenges and future trends 124
4.5 Technological and commercial barriers to adoption of
bulk superconductors 130
4.6 Future trends 133
4.7 References 133
5 High temperature superconductor (HTS) magnets 140
H. J ONES , University of Oxford, UK
5.1 Introduction 140
5.2 Electromagnets 142
5.3 Superconducting magnets 143
5.4 Superconducting wires 152
5.5 Examples of HTS magnets 156
5.6 Future trends 176
5.7 Conclusions 177
5.8 Acknowledgements 177
5.9 References 178
6 Cryogenics for high temperature superconductor
(HTS) systems 181
P. K. G HOSHAL , Oxford Instruments NanoScience, Abingdon, UK
6.1 Introduction 181
6.2 Cooling methods for superconducting magnets 185
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents vii
6.3 Cryogenics issues: cooling sources, heat sources and
measurement 191
6.4 Cryostat construction 194
6.5 Cooler performance 202
6.6 Thermometry 203
6.7 Development and applications of cryogenics for
HTS systems 207
6.8 Challenges and requirements 207
6.9 Typical guidelines for cryogen-free magnet systems 208
6.10 Conclusions 213
6.11 Sources of further information and advice 213
6.12 Acknowledgement 213
6.13 References 214
7 Electromagnetic modeling of high temperature
superconductor (HTS) materials and applications 216
F. G ÖMÖRY , Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovak Republic
7.1 Introduction 216
7.2 Overview of modeling approaches for HTS materials 218
7.3 Modeling methods for DC conditions 223
7.4 Modeling methods for AC conditions 230
7.5 Future challenges and trends 247
7.6 Conclusions 249
7.7 Acknowledgment 250
7.8 References 250
Part II Application of high temperature superconductor
(HTS) materials and components in energy
systems 257
8 Superconducting fault current limiters and
power cables 259
W. H ASSENZAHL , Advanced Energy Analysis, USA
8.1 Introduction 259
8.2 Fault current limiters 265
8.3 Superconducting power cables 280
8.4 Conclusions 290
8.5 References 291
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
viii Contents
9 Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
systems 294
P. TI XADOR , Grenoble INP/Institut Néel – G2Elab, France
9.1 Introduction 294
9.2 Superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES)
systems limitations 298
9.3 Superconducting magnet 305
9.4 SMES uses and history 311
9.5 Conclusions 315
9.6 Acknowledgments 316
9.7 References 316
10 Application of high temperature superconductor
(HTS) technology in rotating machinery 320
R. F AIR , Converteam UK Ltd, UK
10.1 Introduction 320
10.2 Types, properties and performance of high temperature
superconductor (HTS) generators and motors 323
10.3 Fundamental design and development issues for HTS
generators and motors 327
10.4 Key requirements for successfully applying HTS technology 337
10.5 Challenges and future trends 339
10.6 Conclusions 342
10.7 References 343
11 High temperature superconductors (HTS) in fusion
technologies 345
J.-L. D UCHATEAU , CEA, France
11.1 Introduction 345
11.2 Magnetic fi eld and magnet current density considerations
for a fusion reactor 348
11.3 Operating temperature of the magnet system 351
11.4 Indications for the cooling system of the fusion reactor
magnet system 355
11.5 Potential HTS conductors and superconducting material
for future fusion reactors 360
11.6 HTS current leads 365
11.7 Conclusion 366
11.8 References 367
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012
Contents ix
12 High temperature superconductors (HTS) in
accelerator systems 369
N. Z ANGENBERG , Danish Technological Institute, Denmark
12.1 Introduction 369
12.2 Fundamental issues for HTS in accelerators 371
12.3 Types, properties and development of HTS for accelerators 376
12.4 Applications of HTS in accelerators 379
12.5 Challenges and future trends 386
12.6 Conclusions 387
12.7 Sources of further information and advice 389
12.8 References 389
Index 393
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2012