High Temperature Mechanical Behaviour of Ceramic Composites

569 Pages·1995·27.07 MB·English

by  Karl Jakus

High Temperature
Mechanical Behavior of
Ceramic Composites
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
H ig h Tem peratu re
Mechanical Behavior
of Ceramic Compos~ites
Edited by
Shanti V. Nair and Karl Jakus
Butterworth-Heinemann
Boston Oxford Melbourne Singapore Toronto Munich New Delhi Tokyo
Copyright (cid:14)9 1995 by Butterworth-Heinemann.
~, A member of the Reed Elsevier group
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
@ Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written,
Butterworth-Heinemann prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
High temperature mechanical behavior of ceramic composites / edited by
Shanti V. Nair and Karl Jakus.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-7506-9399-1 (acid-free paper)
1. Ceramic-matrix compositesmMechanical properties. 2. Materials
at high temperatures. I. Nair, Shantikumar Vasudevan, 1953
II. J akus, Karl.
TA418.9.C6H546 1995
620.1 ' 4-----dc20 95-9951
CIP
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Butterworth-Heinemann
313 Washington Street
Newton, MA 02158-1626
1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Printed in the United States of America
Contents
Contributors vii
Preface ix
A
PART
Overview
The Structural Performance of Ceramic Matrix Composites
A. G. Evans, F. W. Zok, and T. J. Mackin
B
PART
Short-Term Behavior
Strength and Toughness of Ceramic Composites at Elevated
Temperatures 87
J.-M. Yang and T. N. Tiegs
Dynamic and Impact Fractures of Ceramic Composites at Elevated
Temperature 121
A. S. Kobayashi
PART C
Long-Term Behavior
Creep Deformation of Particulate-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix
Composites 155
S. M. Wiederhorn and E. R. Fuller, Jr.
vi Contents
Elevated Temperature Creep Behavior of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced
Ceramics 193
J. W. Holmes and Xin Wu
6 Fatigue Behavior of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Ceramic Matrix
Composites 261
J. W. Holmes and B. F. SCrensen
High Temperature Crack Growth in Unreinforced and Whisker-Reinforced
Ceramics under Cyclic Loads 327
S. Suresh
PART D
Environmental Effects
Environmental Effects on High Temperature Mechanical Behavior of
Ceramic Matrix Composites 365
S. R. Nutt
E
PART
Modeling
Models for the Creep of Ceramic Matrix Composite Materials 409
R. M. McMeeking
10 Macro- and Micromechanics of Elevated Temperature Crack Growth in
Ceramic Composites 437
S. V. Nair and J. L. Bassani
11 Reliability and Life Prediction of Ceramic Composite Structures at
Elevated Temperatures 471
S. F. Duffy and J. P. Gyekenyesi
F
PART
Elevated Temperature Mechanical Testing
12 Critical Issues in Elevated Temperature Testing of Ceramic Matrix
Composites 519
D. C. Cranmer
Index 551
Contributors
J. L. Bassani J. W. Holmes
Department of Mechanical Ceramic Composites Research
Engineering and Applied Laboratory
Mechanics Department of Mechanical
University of Pennsylvania Engineering and Applied
Philadelphia, PA Mechanics
University of Michigan
D. C. Cranmer Ann Arbor, MI
Office of Science and Technology
Policy
K. Jakus
Washington, DC
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
S. F. Duffy
University of Massachusetts
Department of Civil Engineering
Amherst, MA
NASA Research Associate
Cleveland State University
A. S. Kobayashi
Cleveland, OH
Department of Mechanical
Engineering
A. G. Evans
University of Washington
Materials Department
Seattle, WA
College of Engineering
University of California
Santa Barbara, CA T. J. Mackin
Materials Department
E. R. Fuller, Jr. College of Engineering
US Department of Commerce University of California
The National Institute of Standards Santa Barbara, CA
and Technology
Gaithersburg, MD R. M. McMeeking
Department of Mechanical and
J. P. Gyekenyesi Environmental Engineering
NASA Lewis Research Center University of California
Cleveland, OH Santa Barbara, CA
vieie
viii Contributors
S. V. Nair S. M. Wiederhorn
Department of Mechanical US Department of Commerce
Engineering The National Institute of Standards
University of Massachusetts and Technology
Amherst, MA Gaithersburg, MD
S. R. Nutt Xin Wu
Department of Materials Science Ceramic Composites Research
University of Southern California Laboratory
Los Angeles, CA Department of Mechanical
Engineering and Applied
Mechanics
B. F. S~rensen
University of Michigan
Materials Department
Ann Arbor, MI
Ris~ National Laboratory
4000 Roskilde, Denmark
J.-M. Yang
Department of Materials Science and
S. Suresh
Engineering
Department of Engineering University of California
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Los Angeles, CA
Cambridge, MA
F. W. Zok
T. N. Tiegs Materials Department
Metals and Ceramics Division College of Engineering
Oak Ridge National Laboratory University of California
Oak Ridge, TN Santa Barbara, CA
Preface
The rapidly growing field of ceramic matrix composites has matured
considerably over the last decade with the introduction of particulate-, whisker-
and fiber-reinforced composites. During this period, advances in the processing
of ceramic matrix composites have gone hand in hand with the development of
sophisticated micromechanics models for their structural performance.
Although ceramic composites have been primarily targeted for elevated
temperature applications, the focus to date has been mainly on achieving
structural integrity at ambient temperatures. Emphasis on the mechanics and
mechanisms governing the elevated temperature structural performance of
ceramic composites is relatively recent and fundamental understanding is still
in a state of evolution.
This book provides an up-to-date, comprehensive coverage of the
mechanical behavior of ceramic matrix composites at elevated temperature.
The distinction between two important classes of behavior underlies the
organization of this book. One is short-term behavior which includes such
topics as strength, fracture toughness, R-curve behavior and dynamic fracture
at elevated temperatures. Second is long-term behavior associated with creep
and creep-fatigue processes. Topics related to long-term behavior include creep
deformation, creep and creep-fatigue crack growth, delayed failure and
composite lifetime. In addition to chapters on elevated temperature behavior,
we have included chapters devoted to analytical modeling. These include
modeling of creep deformation, micromechanics of elevated temperature crack
bridging and crack growth, and reliability of ceramic composites at elevated
temperature. The chapters on modeling will help delineate the differences
between ambient and elevated temperature models of mechanical behavior.
For example, crack bridging at elevated temperatures is thermally activated
and time dependent, whereas bridging at ambient temperatures is time
independent. Consequently, microstructural design based on ambient tempera-
ture models may not be suitable for elevated temperature applications. Finally,
we have devoted a chapter exclusively to novel approaches and critical issues in
the elevated temperature testing of ceramic composites.
ix