Table Of ContentHIGH TEMPERATURE ALLOYS FOR GAS TURBINES 1982
Conference organized by
Centre de Recherches Metallurgiques
Centrum voor Research in de Metallurgie
Liege, Belgium
under the auspices of
COST-50
A European Collaborative Programme on Materials for Gas
Turbines, initiated and supported by the Commission of
European Communities
and under the Patronage of
Mr. Mark EYSKENS
Minister of Economic Affairs
Mr. Etienne DAVIGNON
Vice President of the Commission of European Communities
Mr. Melchior WATHELET
Minister to the Walloon Regional Executive
Mr. Edouard CLOSE
Burgomaster of the town of Liege
HIGH TEMPERATURE ALLOYS
FOR GAS TURBINES
1982
Proceedings ofa Conference
held in Liege, Belgium, 4-6 October 1982
Edited by
R. BRUNETAUD, SNECMA,Belgium
D. COUTSOURADIS, CRM, Belgium
T. B. GIBBONS, NPL, United Kingdom
Y. LINDBLOM, FFV,Sweden
D. B. MEADOWCROFT, CEGB, United Kingdom
R. STICKLER, Wien University, Austria
D. REIDEL PUBLISHING COMPANY
DORDRECHT: HOLLAND I BOSTON: U.S.A.
LONDON:ENGLAND
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
High temperature alloys for gas turbines 1982.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Gas-turbines-Materials-Congresses. 2. Heat resistant
alloys-Congresses. 1. Brunetaud, R., 1922-
TJ778.H48 1982 621.43'3'028 82-10142
ISBN-I3: 978-94-009-7909-3 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-7907-9 AACR2
001: 10.1007/978-94-009-7907-9
Publication arrangements by
Commission of the European Communities,
Directorate-General for Scientific and Technical Information and Information Management,
Luxembourg
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Boston Inc.,
190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A.
In aU other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland
D. Reidel Publishing Company is a member of the Kluwer Group.
All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1982, ECSC, EEC, EAEC, Brussels and Luxembourg
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1982
and copyrightholders as specified on appropriate pages within
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical
including photocopying, recording or by any informational storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner
v
DEDICATION
The Conference and these Proceedings are dedicated
to the memory of
Professor Louis HABRAKEN
for his outstanding contribution to the Materials
Science of Gas Turbine Materials and COST 50
Professor Habraken was born in Liege in 1921 and graduated as Mines
Civil Engineer from the University of Liege in 1946.He joined here
after the University of Liege and obtained in 1953 his Ph. D.
(Agrege de l'Enseignement Superieur) after a pionneering work in
electron mi croscopy. He devoted hi s energi es in the teachi ng of
Physical Metallurgy, then a young science. He became full Professor
at the University of Liege and received many distinctions both in
Belgium and abroad. In parallel with his academic career, Prof.
Habraken directed the Physical Metallurgy activities at Centre de
Recherches MHallurgiques where he established research groups in
various areas, and specially in high temperature materials. He
played also an important role in COST-50. He was member of the
first Experts Group, member of the Management Committee and
Chairman of the 1978 Conference organizing Committee. He was active
also as Chairman of the organizing Committee for the 1982
Conference when he passed away on the 9th of August 1981. The
dedication to his memory of the 1982 Conference acknowledges the
recollection of his many friends, colleagues and students.
vi
SPONSORING COMPANIES
The Conference was sponsored by the following companies the support
of which is gratefully acknowledged:
- AUBERT & DUVAL, Neuilly-sur-Seine, France
- B.B.C., Baden, Switzerland
- ELBAR, Lomm, The Netherlands
- FABRIQUE NATIONALE D'HERSTAL,Formetal Division, Herstal, Belgium
- IMPHY S.A., Imphy, France
- INSTRON Ltd, High Wycombe, Bucks., United Kingdom
- MICROFUSION, Gennevilliers, France
- SNECMA, Forge and Foundry, Gennevilliers, France
- SULZER BROTHERS, Winterthur, Switzerland
- VEREINIGTE EDELSTAHLWERKE, Wien, Austria
- WIGGIN ALLOYS Ltd, Hereford, United Kingdom.
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
R. Brunetaud Societe Nationale d'Etude et France
de Construction de Moteurs
d'Aviation.
D. Coutsouradis Centre de Recherches Metal- Belgium
lurgiques
Chairman Organizing Committee
H. Fischmeister Max Planck Institut fUr Germany
Metallforschung, Stuttgart
Chairman COST 50 Management
Committee
T.B. Gibbons National Physical Laboratory United Kingdom
J. Hansen Deutsche Forschungs und Germany
Versuchsanstalt fUr Luft-und
Raumfahrt
Y. Lindblom Forenade Fabriksverken Sweden
O. Morocutti Directorate General for C.E.C.
Research Science and Education
M.O. Speidel Swiss Federal Institute of Switzerland
Technology
R. Stickler Universitat Wien Austria
P.M. Strocchi Alfa Romeo Italy
M. van de Voorde Joint Research Center, Petten C.E.C.
Establishment
P. van Staveren Organization for Applied The Netherlands
Scientific Research TNO.
TECHNICAL ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSIONS
1. Corrosion and Coatings D.B. Meadowcroft
2. Fatigue, Creep and Structural T.B. Gibbons, Y. Lindblom,
Stability R. Stickler
3. Processing R. Brunetaud
ix
FOREWORD
The European Collaborative Programme on Materials for Gas
Turbines known as COST-50 was initiated in 1971 and has been
supported since then by the Commission of European Communities. The
achievements made during the first phase of COST-50 were reviewed
at the Conference held in Liege, September 25-27, 1978 and
published by Applied Science Publishers Ltd.
Nine European Countries : Austria, Belgium, the Federal
Republic of Germany, France, Italy, The Netherlands, Sweden,
Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the Joint Research Center of
the Community, agreed to continue their participation in COST-50
and the results of the second phase were presented at the
Conference held in Liege, October 4-6, 1982 under the following
headings :
- Corrosion and Coatings
- Fatigue, Creep and Structural Stability
- Processing
The technical sessions consisted of invited papers reviewing
recent progress in the development of high temperature alloys with
particular emphasis on the results of the European Collaborative
Programme. Furthermore, some areas were reviewed by eminent
speakers from the United States of America, due to their expertise
in their respective fields. In this context and as a tradition
introduced in 1978, the keynote lecture "Superalloys technology :
today and tomorrow" was del ivered by Dr. F.L. Versnyder.
The Conference was completed with a significant Poster Session
comprising about fifty contributions from Europe and elsewhere.
This book comprises a total of fifty four contributions
representing almost all of the papers delivered at the technical
sessions and a large part of the presentations made at the Poster
Session.
The first part on "Corrosion and Coatings" contains nine
papers of which six are reviews. They deal with various coating
systems and processes, and with the degradation of protective
coatings in agressive environments. They discuss in depth the
mechanism of hot corrosion, erosion and erosion/hot corrosion and
provide a comprehensive survey of accelerated laboratory studies as
well as service performance in aircraft, land based or marine gas
turbines. They provide in this wayan invaluable reference data
source on many alloys and coating systems.
x
The second part on "Fatigue, Creep and Structural Stabil ity"
comprises a total of thirty one papers of which ten are review
ones. The extent of th is part revea 1s the importance devoted to
this subject area within the COST-50 programme. Creep and fatigue
properties are discussed in detail from the points of view of
mechanisms involved, evaluation, design, and interactions thereof
The effect of environment, corrosion and coatings on properties is
comprehensively surveyed while considerable data are presented on
many cast, wrought or P/M superalloys and particularly on IN-939
and IN-738.
The third and last part deal ing with "Processing" comprises
thirteen papers of which six are reviewing the areas of melting,
casting, powder metallurgy processing, joining and blade repair.
The keynote lecture provides further insight in new processing
routes such as the single crystal and rapid solidification techno
logies.
The book is completed wi th an author and subj ect index the
latter allowing its easier use as a reference source.
The photo-offset process was used for the prompt preparation
of the book. The manuscripts received from the authors were used
without any extensive additional editing. The master templates were
reduced to 87 1/2% of the original size and this has to be taken
into account when examining micro-or macrographs without scales.
The success of the Conference and its Proceedings owe much to
the contributions of many people to whom we would like to express
our appreciation. The members of the COST-50 Management Committee
coordinated the many cooperations established between countries and
organizations that made possible the progress of the programme. The
members of the Conference Organizing Committee helped in many ways
in setting up the various aspects of the Conference events
technical as well as social. The chairmen responsible for the
technical organization of the sessions devoted considerable efforts
in insuring the contacts with the authors and in establishing the
guidel ines common to all review papers. Last, but certainly not
least, the authors of the papers made the essential contribution of
critically reviewing a considerable amount of information and of
providing orginal results of their work.
The Editorial Committee
October 1982
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ix
~~wo~
Keynote Lecture
Superalloy Technology-Today and Tomorrow 1
F.L. VERSNYDER
PART I - CORROSION AND COATINGS 51
Recent approaches to the development of corrosion resistant
coatings 53
C. DURET, A. DAVIN, G. MARIJNISSEN, R. PICHOIR
The corrosion resistance of protective coatings 87
M. MALIK, R. MORBIOLI, P. HUBER
Mechanisms of hot corrosion 99
J.F.G. CONDE, E. ERDOES, A. RAHMEL
Deposition and blade fouling of gas turbines by fuel impu- 149
rities and additives
J.W. LAXTON, C.G. STEVENS, D. TIDY
Comparison of hot-salt corrosion test procedures 177
S.R.J. SAUNDERS, M.K. HOSSAIN, J.M. FERGUSON
High temperature erosion and erosion-hot corrosion of
superalloys and coatings 207
J.C. GALSWORTHY, J.E. RESTALL, G.C. BOOTH
Hot corrosion in marine gas turbines 237
J.F.G. CONDE, G.C. BOOTH, A.F. TAYLOR, C.G. Mc CREATH
High temperature stability of pack aluminide coatings on
IN 738 LC "249
S.P. COOPER, A. STRANG
Thermochemical treatment of porous materials 261
P. MAZARS
