Table Of ContentHighT echnolaongdyL ow-Iomnec Commuinties
CopyritgehdM aterial
HigThe chnolaongdLy o w-IncCoommem unities
Prospefcotrst h eP ositUisveeo fA dvanceIdnf ormatTioenc hnology
Edtiebdy
DonaAl.dS chon
BisSha nyal
WilliJa.Mm i tchell
MITP ress
Cambri,Md agsesachusetts
LondoEnn,ga lnd
CopyritgehdM aterial
© 1999M assachuIssnettittosufT t ecehn ology
All rriegshetrsNv oep da.ro tft hibso omka yb er eprodiunac neyfdo r m
bya ney lectorrom neicch aanlmi ecan(nsic lundgpi hotoco,pr yeicnoigrndg,
ori nofrmiaotsnt oragree tarnidwe itvhaolpu)et r misisnwi roingt f irnmo
thpeu lbiesrh.
Thibso owka ss eitnG aramo3na dn dM etbay J ohMna ckluisni Qnuga rk
Xpreasnsdw asp riendat ndb ounidnt hUen tieSdt atoefAs m erica.
LbiraorfCy o ngrCeastsag ligon-in-PublDiactaat ion
Higthe cnohloagnydl ow-inccoommmeu tnisiep:r ospfeorct thspe os tiive
usoef a dvanicnefdo rmtaetciohnn o/le odtgieybd y D onaAld.S chon,
BisSha ny,aa nldWi llmi Ja.M itclh.e l
p. cm.
Inclubdiebsgl ripaohciarlee frenacnedis n d.e x
ISBoN- 2621-9699-(Xp b.ka:kl .p aper)
1.I fnormaitotne chnologays-pSteoscc2..iP aolo r.
1.S cohnD,o naAl.dI .IS anyBaislh,w aprIiIyMIai.t. c lhelW,i lliJa.m
(WillJioahmn 1)9,4 4-
T58·5·H5159 79
97-35745
CIP
CopyritgehdM aterial
Inm emoryo fD onS chonw.h op assaewda yo nS eptemb1e3r.1 997
BisSha nyal
WilliamM]i.t chell
Copyrigdh Mtaeterial
Contents
Preface Xl
Introduction
DonaAl.dS chon
PartI :Se ttintgh eC ontext
1.T heI nformatiCointIaysal D uaCli tCya:n I tB eR eversed? 25
ManuCelas tells
2. ChangiGnego grapTheicehsn:oa lnodIg nyc ome 43
PetHearl l
3. Center CaisHt aiveesan nsd T rafposLr o w-IncCoommem unities:6 9
TheP otenItmipaaloct fA dvancIendf ormatTieocnh nology
JuliWaonl pert
4.T heC itoyfB itHsy pothesis
Willmi]a. Mitchell
5. InformatTeicohnn olionHg iys torPiecraslp ective
LeMoa rx
ParItI S:t ratieesgo fA ction
TheQ uestioofnA ccess
6.E quitAacbclesets ot hOen liWnoer ld
Willmi]a.M itchell
CopyritgehdM aterial
GovernanacnedA dvancIedn formaTetcihonno logy
7.I nformatiToenc hnotlhoagCtih easn Rgeel atiobnesthwiepesn
Low-InCcoommmeu niatnidtes h Peu blaincdN, o nprAogfietn cies
thaSterv eT hem
JosepFhe rreJirr.a ,
8.P lannSiunpgp ort fSoyLrso twem-sI nCcoommmeu nities
MichaelSJh.i ffer
EntreprenePuortieanlt ial
9.S oftwaErnet reprenaemuorntsghh Ueir pb aPno oCro:u lBdi ll 2I 3
GatesH avSeu cceeifde Hde W ere Blac.k,?O. r I mpoverished?
AlicHe. A msdenJ,o nC olliCnlsa rk
TheE ducatioCnoamlp uter
10.A ctiKonno wleadngdSe y mboKlniocw leTdhgeCe o:m puter 235
asM ediator
JeannBea mberger
TheC ommuniCtoym puter
I I.T heC ompuCtleru bhoTuecshen:o loFgliuceanilcynt hIen nCeri ty 263
MitchReels nicNka,t alRiues kS,t inCao oke
12.C ompuatserC ommunMiemtoyry :H ow PeopilnVe ery Poor
NeighborMhaodeo adsC ompuTthere Oiwnr
BrunToa rdieu
13.S ociEamlp owermtehnrto Cuogmhm unNiettyw orks
AlaSnh awM,i chelSlhea w
14.C ommodaintdCy o mmuniintP yes ronaClo mputing 337
SherTryu rkle
CopyritgehdM aterial
15·Ap proacthoCes o mmunCiotmyp utBirnign:g Tiencgh nology 349
toL ow-IncoGmreo ups
AnnBee amish
PartI ICIo:n clusions
16.I nformantT ieochnoalnodUg ryb aPno verTthyeR: o loef 37I
PublPiocl icy
BihsS anyaDlo,na ldA .S chon
Index 395
CopyrighMtaetde rial
Preface
Thibso oekm erged acf orlolmo qouriguamn biyzte hdDe e partment
ofU rbaSnt udainedPs al nngi( nDUSaPt)t hMea ssachusIentstttusito ef
Technoloignty h sep rionf1g 9 96.
Thei netllteucailn aittiifvoetr h ceo lliouqmut,ti leAddv anced
IfnormatiToenc hnoLlowo-gIyn,c oCmoem muniatnidte hsCe,i tcya,m feor m
twog rouopffs a ucltmye mbearnsds tudewnittnshD iUSP.O neg roup
compritshefecad u latnyds tudewnhtows e rdee epiltnye resitne da dvanced
inofrmattieocnh noalnodig tyus s ien u rbapnln aninTgh.eo thgerro up's
primacryo ncwearstn h pel igohfAt m ericcae'nastlc r itpiaerst,i cularly
thlea cokfd ecehnotu nsgie,m pylmoen,at nds ocsiearlv iincle oswn -ciome
commutneiisU.n ttihlSe p rionf1g 9 9t6,ht ew og rouhpasdo peraast iefd
theciorcn erwnesr vee rdyi effrnetT.h efi rsgtr o,uk pnowanst hPel angn in
SuppoSryts te(mPsS Sfoc)u,s oendt hues oef c omputteecrh nowliotghy ,
leastst enptaiitodonu rbapno verItncy o.n trtahssete ,c ognrdo ,uk pnown
as thHeo usinCgo,m muniatnydE conomDiecv elopgmreonu(tp H CED),
focusietdis tn elleactttueanlot nil oonw -inccoommmenu it,iw eistohut
muceh nthusfioaarsd mv anicneofdr mattieocnh noTlhoigdsyi e.fr fence
ini tnellaeltc htruusbte twetehnte w og roucposu bledt racbeadct ko
th1e9 60wsh eunr barni ohtasde ruptaemdi dsstta rttleicnnhogl ogical
progrwehsiscf hort hfier stti mhea dp uatm ano nt hmeo o.nS intcheen ,
advocfaotlreo sw -inccoommmeu nihtaibdee se snk eptoifc atblhe en efits
oft echnolporggoirce,aws lhs itlhec eo mpuetnetrh usstidsae,r ogatively
call"etdee cshp,ir"e occutphieemds ewlivtrehas p pirdo grienis nosfr ma
tiotne chnowliotghyom uutc cho ncfeorirnt ism paocntl own-coime
commutnii.e s
Byt hmei d19 90sh,o wevtehrii,stn e lledcitvuiasolif l oanb or
waso verwhelbmyet dw os tarokplpyo ssiotceti raeln Tdhsep. o isitvter end
wast hwei de-sperxecaidt ementth aeac btouauactlh ieveamnedan-s tyse t
unachipeovteedln o tfti haIen etrnaentdt hWeo rlWdi dWee b.I nt he
SchooofAl r chiutreaecn tdP alnngia ntM ITt,h weo rlwdi dcel iamtoef
exicetmenftou nds troencgh oDeesa.Wn i lliaMmi]ct.h e'lbslo oCki,t oyf
BitSsp:a cPel,a caen,dt hIen fobhahandj, u sbte epnu blis(hMeidt c1h9e59l)l.
It heraad lidtgeairdle voluitni omtnah ekn iga,n ds peculaabtoeutdth e
impactthsirs e voluctoiuohlnad v oent hfuen ctiaonndms e anionfcg i t.i es
CopyritgehdM aterial
MitchKealplo frou,n deorft hLeo tCuso rporahtaidjo oni,nt ehdSe c hool
asa na djnucptr ofebsrsnoigri,nw gi thhi map rofoiunntde esirtnt hpeo licy
issutehsaw to uldde teremt ihfunet ure sohfta hpIeen terannedtt hW ee b.
Fotrh eisned iviadsuf aomlra sn,oy t hetrhsme,o sctr ciatilis souefus r ban
plannwienrgte h otshea dte awlitt thh aec tuaanldp ossibfulteu rietn er
actioonfps h ysiscpaaalcn edc yberspace.
Ins harp cotnott hrwiaissd te sperxetcaeidm eanbto utthd ei tgail
revolubtyit homeni ,d -I9a9ne0 qsu aplelrvya sainvxei aebtoytut hset atus
ofA mericcean'tscr iiatelms a rkseodc ipaoilltc,ia aln,dp rofessdiiosnal
coursBeyt sh.e tnh,oe p tiismmo f tIh98e0 si,n fluenbcyPe reds ident
RonaRleda garnh'est oofr" iMco rniinnAg m eri,"ch aadv anisihnte hde
fcaeo fs tardkelpyr esssttiainsgst .Ti hcee videshnocwee tdh aitcn ome
inequaliitnyc rhebaaedst ewdeI e9n8 a0n dI 990t;h atth per obloefm
urbapno vehratdhya rdeonveedtr h ose tyreaaprpsmi,in lgl sio ofAn meri
canisni nnera-rceiwatisyto huetm ploynmtde,e cehnotu sianngds chools,
ands aenf eighborahnodmo odrsce;h irledwne rgeo intgo bheudn gry
andl ackheeda lctahr( eD.a nzeigtae .lIr 9 9W4i,l sIo9n9 .6 )
Whow ast ob eb lmaedf or trheevseeri snsa olcspi raolg r,e ss
andw hats houbledd o nec hteoic tkT? h erwea sn oc lear aantts hwaetr
momen.St ombel maedt hwee larfpeo lisc;oi teehrpso iendtt ot hree trench
menotfs oiclap rogrianmt she ea rIl9y8 0asn;ds tioltlh earcsc utsheed
glolbiazgf iornceosft hpeo st-indeucsotnrowimhayil c thh,ea ygr ued,h ad
exporutnesdlk liejbdos o uotf t hUen tieSdt at(eDnsaz irga endG ottschalk
I993M,u rrIa9y8 )4A.l htougthh edsiefef rednaitg nolseetsdo d ieffrent
polipcrye scrifporti imopnrso vtihnqegu ailtoyfl ieo fft huer bapno otrh,e y
concurornoe ndpe o inakt e:fy a tcosrh apitnhpgeo liecnvyi ronmweasn t
threa ppirdo greasdsv ainnic nefdo rmatteicohnn o(lIo.Tg )y
Tob es urteh,e wreer seh adripfef renocfoe psi niaobonu t the
impaocfItT o nt he uproboaWrni. t hionu src hoaosil np, o lifcoryu ms
througthhoceuo tu rnytd,if efrevnoti cweistd,hi effreanttt dietasun d
assumptcioounblsedh, e a.rF dor siodnmiev iadlssuu,c ahsN iclhaos
Negropoinwtta esc, r ystatlh acItTlw eaasar l retardayon rsmfgie nvery
aspeocfst o cliiafnleo ,ot n liynt hUen itSetda tesa,l stbohuw eto rladt
lar(gNee gropIo9n9t5Ie)t w' as equacllleyta hrat th itse chnohleoltgdhy e
ketyo ar aditcraalon rsmfatoifso onc riealla toinoen st,h atb ywpoauslsd
conventcihoannanfleo plrosl iatlei xcpresIstwi aostn h.e orreuefn con-
CopyritgehdM aterial
sciontahbatlthe pe o ors houlbdel efotu tT.h eiinrc lusoni int hdei tgail
worllodom eda sa p oliicssyuo ef p aramouimnpto rtance.
Foort hertsh,fue t urleo oekdl ersoss Ays.M itcKha popro iendt
outi,ti si mportraor netc ogntihzaett h eraer ec omputhearv easn dc omput
erh ave-ntsoF.o re xapmleT:h er urpaolo rra nlko weisntte m rso fc omputer
user;u rballa chkasv teh el owecsotm putaecrc efsolsl,o webdyc entcriatly
blacksa ndc entrcailtHy i spanSiecnsic.oti ri ze(n5ys5e arsa ndo veri)n
bothr uraanld u rban areraansk l oweasmto ng aagglerl o upisnt e rmso f
computaecrc eTssh.e raer oet hedri fferecens. iWth osmee xceptoins( most
notbaly,t lepehonpeen eattoirn fotrhe twlowo este ducactaitoeng so)tr,hi ee
fewetrh en umboefrye arso fe ducattiholeno ,w tehret e lepohne,c omputer,
andc omputer-mopdeenemt artionT.h eraer ere gionalv ariataisow nesl l:
Thelo wetst eelphnoea nd comppuetneetrrta ioinsi n Northecaesntt ral
citi(eUs. SD.e partmenCtom moefrce 1 995).
AccorditnoKg a potrh,e dsifefre encientes ch nologiacle ndow
mentasr lei keltoyb el evleeodf ifn c ertwaaiynsb ,u ta sloa ccentuated
ino hterw aybse causeI Tp roucdesef feicnto spp oisted ierctisominusl ta
neouslya-citatssa g relaetv eolfep proor tuniyt hwile saob leinga na mpli
fieorfi n equity.T hei mplicatoifKo ansp oarr'gsu emnatr teh awti thout
statregiincervt entiboytn h eg overnntmt,eceh nlogoiclayld isadvantaged
grouwpisllb el eoftu, ts tranodnae d di rrotad dajacentt oV icPer esident
AlG ore"'isno frmatisuopne rihghawy.T"h is vwiaessw h arbeydm any
memberso ft hHeC EDg rouppa,tri cluralbyy th osei nt hCeo mmuniyt
FellPorwosgr am( CFP)w,h'i chhos tst welvfieft eteocn o mmuyna icttviists
formu rbalno,w -income coemamcyuhen aiIrtnt.i h e1es 79 0sw,he n
CFPw asst ard,tt ehceo mmunaictvtyii sgtensera llyi gnorteecdhn oolgicla
issuceos,n fidtehnatt trtahoenr smfatoifto hnpe oo r eqruriedp olitical not
tcehonlogicals olutiBountsb,.y 1 99t5h,ae ct ivithsemtsselv esh adt rans
formesdo mehwatm:a noyf th emh ade nrolilnce odu rfsoceuss oendI T;'
severhaalda cvteliy apritciatpde inin torducingd isadvantyaougthet do th e
Internaentdt h Weo rlWdi dWee bs;o mwee rsee enkgi usbniesso pportu
nititeobs r ing ITt ol ow-incaormeea wsh;i loet hewresri net reested in
utilizIiTfn goo rrg anizign thpeoo r.
Therew as yetan otherg rouopffa cultym emberwsi thitnh e
Depratmentw,h od idn osth areieht erN icholNaesg roponets'e nthusiasm
orM itcKha pocro'nsc efronIr Ts'd isturtinibaoilm patc.T heswee re
CopryigthedM aterial
