High-Tech and Micropropagation II

523 Pages·1992·12.497 MB·English

by  M. H. Brand, R. D. Lineberger (auth.), Professor Dr. Y. P. S. Bajaj (eds.)

Volumes already published
Volume 1: Trees I (1986)
Volume 2: Crops I (1986)
Volume 3: Potato (1987)
Volume 4: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants I (1988)
Volume 5: Trees II (1989)
Volume 6: Crops II (1988)
Volume 7: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants II (1989)
Volume 8: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering I (1989)
Volume 9: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering II (1989)
Volume 10: Legumes and Oilseed Crops I (1990)
Volume 11: Somac1onal Variation in Crop Improvement I (1990)
Volume 12: Haploids in Crop Improvement I (1990)
Volume 13: Wheat (1990)
Volume 14: Rice (1991)
Volume 15: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants III (1991)
Volume 16: Trees III (1991)
Volume 17: High-Tech and Micropropagation I (1991)
Volume 18: High-Tech and Micropropagation II (1992)
Volumes in preparation
Volume 19: High-Tech and Micropropagation III (1992)
Volume 20: High-Tech and Micropropagation IV (1992)
Volume 21: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants IV (1992)
Volume 22: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering III
Volume 23: Plant Protoplasts and Genetic Engineering IV
Volume 24: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants V
Volume 25: Maize
Biotechnology in
Agriculture and Forestry 18
High-Tech and Micropropagation II
Edited by Y P. s. Bajaj
With 156 Figures
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona Budapest
Professor Dr. Y. P. S. BAJAJ
A-137
New Friends Colony
New Delhi 110065, India
ISBN-13:978-3-642-76424-0 e-ISBN-13 :978-3-642-76422-6
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-76422-6
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. (Revised for volume 2). High-tech and
micropropagation. (Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry; 17 - ) Includes bibliographical
references and indexes. 1. Plant propagation-In vitro. I. Bajaj, Y P. S., 1936- . II. Series.
SBI23.6.H54 1991 631.5'3 91-22304
ISBN-13:978-3-642-76424-0
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1992
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1992
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Dedicated to
Manmeet and Bhupinder Bhalla
Preface
Micropropagation of plants is a multibillion dollar industry being
practiced in hundreds of small and large nurseries and commercial
laboratories throughout the world. At the present, it is the only
component of plant biotechnology which has been commercially
exploited on such a large scale, especially for the production of
ornamentals. Now micropropagation of trees and medicinal plants
is assuming great importance. With recent progress made in the
propagation of fruit and forest trees, and the immediate need for
afforestation and planting of orchards, propagules and plantlets are
required quickly and in large numbers. Although the basic method
ology of in vitro culture of plant tissues has been fairly mechanized
over the last 25 years, conventional micropropagation methods are
relatively slow, time-consuming, expensive, and labor-intensive; up
to 50-80% of the cost of plant production is attributed to labor. In
order to reduce the cost and to increase the efficiency and scale up
of plant production, automation is being incorporated. Robots, mi
crocomputers, and other automated systems of artificial intelligence
have been employed to surface-sterilize tissues, dispense media, and
transfer plants to pots and field. The automatic control of environ
ments in greenhouses to protect cultivation is another area of
tremendous commercial importance.
The use of artificial intelligence, image analysis, video cameras,
bioreactors, mistifiers, automatic production lines, synthetic seed,
storage and cryopreservation of elite genetic stocks, and the comput
erization of information management will facilitate micropropaga
tion and protected cultivation. Judging from the enthusiasm and
interest of biotechnology enterprises, it is envisaged that it will not
be long before we see the routine jobs being done by robots for
industrial micropropagation.
Taking the above-mentioned points into consideration, it ap
peared necessary to review the literature and to present the state of
the art on micropropagation of plants. Thus, 118 chapters contrib
uted by experts from 30 countries are compiled in a series composed
of the following four parts:
High-Tech and Micropropagation I comprises 29 chapters on various
aspects of micro propagation and automation, i.e., setting up a com-
VIII Preface
merciallaboratory, meristem culture, somatic embryogenesis, graft
incompatibility, vitrification, acclimatization, nature and origin of
explants, problems with explant exudates, disposable culture vessels,
induction of rooting, artificial substrates, rockwool, autotrophic mi
cropropagation, storage and cryopreservation of cultures, qui scent
somatic embryos, synthetic seed, automated systems, artificial intel
ligence, use of robots in transplantation, information management,
bioreactors, and computerized greenhouses.
High-Tech and Micropropagation II comprises 26 chapters on Amer
ican sweetgum, black locust, birches, cedar, cocoa, larches, Persian
walnut, poplars, Quercus, sandalwood, Sorb us, apple, pear, peach,
plum, cherry, Citrus, raspberry, strawberry, grapevine, kiwi, Japa
nese persimmon, papaya, pineapple, date palm, and olive tree.
High-Tech and Micropropagation III comprises 34 chapters on veg
etable and tuber crops, medicinal and aromatic plants, fiber and
oilseed crops, and grasses. The specific plants dealt with include:
asparagus, lettuce, horseradish, cucumber, potato, sweet potato, ar
tichoke, white yam, cardamom, fennel, celery, thyme, leek, mentha,
turmeric, lavender, agave, yucca, cotton, jute, sunflower, ryegrass,
zoysiagrass, and various species of Aconitum, Artemisia, Camelia,
Centaurium, Digitalis, Dioscorea, Glehnia, Parthenium, and Pinel/a.
High-Tech and Micropropagation IV comprises 29 chapters on orna
mental species of Alstromeria, Antirrhinum, Begonia, Chrysanth
mum, Comus, Euphorbia, Gardenia, Gladiolus, Hyacinthus, Impa
tiens, Iris, Lycoris, Nemetanthus, Phalaenopsis, Paeonia, Pelargo
nium, Rhododendron, Ruscus, Saintpaulia, Senecio, Syringa, orchids,
cacti, roses, and Boston ferns.
These books will be of use to advanced students, research work
ers, and teachers in horticulture, forestry, tissue culture, and plant
biotechnology in general, and also to individuals interested in com
mercial micropropagation.
New Delhi, Spring 1992 Professor Y. P. S. BAJAJ
Series Editor
Contents
Section I Trees
I.1 Micropropagation of American Sweetgum
(Liquidambar styraciflua L.)
M. H. BRAND and R. D. LINEBERGER (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 3
2 Micropropagation ................................... 7
3 Conclusions and Prospects ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 22
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 24
1.2 Micropropagation of Black Locust
(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)
1. M. DAVIS and D. E. KEATHLEY (With 5 Figures)
1 General Information ................................. 25
2 Review of Plantlet Regeneration in Robinia pseudoacacia .. 29
3 Micropropagation: General Considerations ............. 33
4 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
5 Experimental Protocol: Cotyledonary Node Culture 37
1.3 Micropropagation of Birches (Betula spp.)
A. MEIER-DINKEL (With 14 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 40
2 In Vitro Culture Studies on Betula ..................... 42
3 In Vitro Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50
4 Conclusions ........................................ 78
5 Protocol ........................................... 79
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 79
1.4 Micropropagation of Cedar (Thuja spp.)
I. S. HARRY and T. A. THORPE (With 2 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 82
2 In Vitro Approaches for Propagation .................. 87
3 Conclusions ........................................ 93
4 Protocol ........................................... 94
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 94
x Contents
1.5 Micropropagation of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.)
E. B. ESAN (With 9 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 96
2 In Vitro Culture and Micropropagation ................ 102
3 Conclusions and Prospects ........................... , 119
References ........................................... , 120
I.6 Micropropagation of Larches (Larix spp.)
D. KARNOSKY (With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 123
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 125
3 Special In Vitro Application .......................... 132
4 Conclusions and Prospects ........................... , 133
5 Protocol ........................................... 133
References ........................................... , 134
1.7 Micropropagation of Persian Walnut (Juglans regia L.)
C. LESLIE and G. MCGRANAHAN (With 1 Figure)
1 Introduction ........................................ 136
2 Need for Micropropagation ........................... 136
3 Review of in Vitro Studies on J. regia .................. 137
4 Micropropagation Techniques ......................... 139
5 Conclusion ......................................... 148
6 Protocol ........................................... 148
References ........................................... , 149
1.8 Micropropagation of Poplars (Populus spp.)
L. LUBRANO (With 4 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 151
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 155
3 Conclusions and Prospects ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 173
References ............................................ 174
1.9 Clonal Propagation of Oak (Quercus acutissima Carruth.)
Y SHOYAMA, Y SASAKI, and T. SUZAKI (With 10 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 179
2 Micropropagation ................................... 180
3 Conclusion ......................................... 190
4 Protocol ........................................... 190
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 191
1.10 Micropropagation of Sandalwood (Santalum album L.)
P. S. RAO and V. A. BAPAT (With 5 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 193
2 Micropropagation ................................... 195
Contents XI
3 Plants from Endosperm .............................. 200
4 Plants from Cell Suspensions .......................... 201
5 Plants from Protoplasts: Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 201
6 Plants from Synthetic Seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 204
7 Transfer to Field .................................... 207
8 Commercial Aspects and Prospects .................... 207
9 Protocol ........................................... 209
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 209
1.11 Micropropagation of European Mountain Ash
(Sorbus aucuparia L.) and Wild Service Tree
[Sorbus torminalis (L.) Cr.]
V. CHALUPA (With 8 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 211
2 In Vitro Approaches ................................. 213
3 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 225
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 225
Section II Fruits
11.1 Micropropagation of Apple (Malus domestica Burkh.)
W D. LANE (With 1 Figure)
1 General Account .................................... 231
2 Need for in Vitro Culture of Apple .................... 232
3 Previous Research ................................... 233
4 Micropropagation Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 236
5 Shoot Multiplication ................................. 239
6 Rooting ............................................ 239
7 Acclimatization and Transfer to Greenhouse ............ 240
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 241
II.2 Micropropagation of Pear (Pyrus communis L.)
E. CHEVREAU, B. THIBAULT, and Y ARNAUD (With 6 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 244
2 In Vitro Culture Studies on Pear ...................... 246
3 Conclusions ........................................ 258
4 Protocol ........................................... 259
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 259
II.3 Micropropagation of Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]
D. W REEVES and G. A. COUVILLON (With 7 Figures)
1 Introduction ........................................ 262
2 In Vitro Culture of Peach ............................ 265
3 Micropropagation of Peach ........................... 266