High Sensitivity Moiré: Experimental Analysis for Mechanics and Materials

450 Pages·1994·15.859 MB·English

by  Daniel Post, Bongtae Han, Peter Ifju (auth.)

Mechanical Engineering Series
Frederick F. Ling
Series Editor
~~tJGER
STUDZ
f=:t>
1~16(--J
Advisory Board
Applied Mechanics F.A. Leckie
University of California,
Santa Barbara
Biomechanics v.c. Mow
Columbia University
Computational Mechanics H.T. Yang
Purdue University
Dynamic Systems and Control K.M. Marshek
University of Texas, Austin
Energetics J. Welty
University of Oregon, Eugene
Mechanics of Materials I. Finnie
University of California, Berkeley
Processing K.K. Wang
Cornell University
Thermal Science A.E. Bergles
Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute
Tribology W.O. Winer
Georgia Institute of Technology
Mechanical Engineering Series
Introductory Attitude Dynamics
F.P. Rimrott
Balancing of High-Speed Machinery
M.S. Darlow
Theory of Wire Rope
G.A. Costello
Theory of Vibration: An Introduction, 2nd ed.
A.A. Shabana
Theory of Vibration: Discrete and Continuous Systems, 2nd ed.
A.A. Shabana
Laser Machining: Theory and Practice
G. Chryssolouris
Underconstrained Structural Systems
E.N. Kuznetsov
Principles of Heat Transfer in Porous Media, 2nd ed.
M. Kaviany
Mechatronics: Electromechanics and Contromechanics
D.K. Miu
Structural Analysis of Printed Circuit Board Systems
P.A. Engel
Kinematic and Dynamic Simulation of Multibody Systems:
The Real-Time Challenge
J. Garcia de Jal6n and E. Bayo
High Sensitivity Moire:
Experimental Analysis for Mechanics and Materials
D. Post, B. Han, and P. Ifju
Principles of Convective Heat Transfer
M. Kaviany
(continued after index)
Daniel Post Bongtae Han
Peter Ifju
High Sensitivity
Moire
Experimental Analysis for
Mechanics and Materials
With 245 illustrations, 161 Fringe Patterns/Contour Maps
i
Springer
Daniel Post Bongtae Han
Professor Emeritus Clemson University
Department of Engineering Science Mechanical Engineering Department
and Mechanics Clemson, SC 29634 USA
College of Engineering
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
Peter Ifju
and State University
University of Florida
Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
Aerospace Engineering, Mechanics, and
Engineering Science
Series Editor Gainesville, FL 32611-6250 USA
Frederick F. Ling
Ernest F. Gloyna Regents Chair in
Engineering
Department of Mechanical Engineering
The University of Texas at Austin
Austin, TX 78712-1063 USA
and
Distinguished William Howard Hart
Professor Emeritus
Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Aeronautical Engineering, and Mechanics
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, NY 12180-3590 USA
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Post, Daniel
High sensitivity moire: experimental analysis for mechanics and
materials / Daniel Post, Bongtae Han, Peter Ifju.
p. cm. --(Mechanical engineering series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-387-98220-5 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-46124334-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-46124334-2
1. Non-destructive testing. 2. Interferometry. 3. Moire methods.
4. Materials--Mechanical properties. I. Han, Bongtae. II.Ifju,
Peter. III. Title. IV. Series: Mechnical engineering series
(Berlin, Germany)
T A417 .2.P67 1994
620.I'I27--dc20 93-29790
Printed on acid-free paper.
© 1994 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.
Softcoverreprintof1he hardcover 1st edition 1994
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
permission of the publisher (Springer-Verlag New York, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY
10010, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in con
nection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer soft
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the Trade Marks and Merchandise Marks Act, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.
Production managed by Karen Phillips, manufacturing supervised by Jacqui Ashri.
Camera-ready copy prepared from the authors' Microsoft Word files.
987654321
ISBN-13:9784387-98220-5 Spinger-Verlag New York Berlin Heidelberg SPIN 10572601
Dedicated to
Nathan
Ian
Brian
Timothy
Randi
Will
may their accomplishments give them joy
Dongsoo
Dongjoo
Aeng Sun
for their patience and sacrifice
my parents
Mara
and
Geza
Series Preface
Mechanical engineering, an engineering discipline born of the needs of the
industrial revolution, is once again asked to do its substantial share in the call
for industrial renewal. The general call is urgent as we face profound issues of
productivity and competitiveness that require engineering solutions, among oth
ers. The Mechanical Engineering Series features graduate texts and research
monographs, intended to address the need for information in contemporary
areas of mechanical engineering.
The series is conceived as a comprehensive one the will cover a broad range
of concentrations important to mechanical engineering graduate education and
research. We are fortunate to have a distinguished roster of consulting editors,
each an expert in one of the areas of concentration. The names of the consulting
editors are listed on the first page of the volume. The areas of concentration are
applied mechanics, biomechanics, computational mechanics, dynamic systems
and control, energetics, mechanics of materials, processing, thermal science,
and tribology.
Professor Winer, the consulting editor for applied mechanics and tribology,
and I are pleased to present this volume of the series: High Sensitivity Moire:
Experimental Analysis for Mechanics and Materials by Professor Post, Dr. Han
and Dr. Ifju. The selection of this volume underscores again the interest of the
Mechanical Engineering Series to provide our readers with topical monographs
as well as graduate texts.
Austin, Texas Frederick F. Ling
Preface/Acknowledgments
This book evolved largely from a course on Photomechanics given at
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI&SU). We
extend thanks to the Department of Engineering Science and
Mechanics and the University for supporting the course and the
Photomechanics Laboratory, and to Professor C. W. Smith (VPI&SU)
who gave invaluable administrative and technical advice throughout
the development and operation of the Photomechanics Laboratory.
Many of the techniques presented here and many of the fringe
patterns and graphs stem from research in the Photomechanics
Laboratory at VPI&SU. Credit for these accomplishments belongs to
numerous former students and colleagues who participated in the
laboratory. They include D. E. Bowles, W. A. Baracat, M. L. Basehore,
E. M. Weissman, R. B. Watson, E. W. Brooks, G. Nicoletto, J. S.
Epstein, S. J. Lubowinski, A. L. Highsmith, R. Czarnek, D. Joh, J. D.
Wood, D. H. Mollenhauer, D. O. Adams, Y. Guo, R. G. Boeman, B. Han
and P. G. Ifju; Visiting Scholars Peitai Ning, Mierong Tu and Yinyan
Wang; Post-doctoral Fellow A. Asundi; Visiting Professors C. Ruiz
(Oxford Univ., England), A. Livnat (Beer-Sheva Univ., Israel), K.
Patorski (Warsaw Univ. of Technology, Poland), J. Wasowski (Warsaw
Univ. of Technology, Poland), F.-L. Dai (Tsinghua Univ., P. R. China),
J. McKelvie (Univ. of Strathclyde, Scotland), Y. Morimoto (Osaka
Univ., Japan) and H. E. Gascoigne (California Polytechnic Univ.,
USA).
The research sponsors include the National Science Foundation,
NASA Langley Research Center, Office of Naval Research, U. S. Air
Force Rocket Propulsion Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratory,
DARPA, Virginia Center for Innovative Technology, Micro
Measurements Div. of Measurements Group, Inc., and IBM
Corporation.
Special assistance on various chapters was extended by our
colleagues: Chap.2-critical review by G. Indebetouw (Physics Dept.);
Chap. 3-critical review by V. J. Parks (Catholic Univ. of America) and
advice by F.-P. Chiang (State Univ. of N.Y. at Stonybrook); Chap. 6-
critical review, analysis and computations by J. McKelvie (Univ. of
Strathclyde), G. Indebetouw (Physics Dept.) and G. A. Hagedorn
(Mathematics Dept.), and assistance with SEM for Fig. 6.2 by S.
x Preface/Acknowledgments
Willard (NASA Langley Research Center); Chap. 9-critical review by
C. E. Harris (NASA Langley Research Center), and assistance with
FEM analysis for Fig. 9.7 by D. S. Dawicke (NASA Langley Research
Center); Chap. 10-critical review by Y. Guo (IBM) and advice by C. K.
Lim (IBM); Chap. ll-specimen for Fig. 11.1 courtesy of G. M.
Holloway, GE Aircraft Engines; Chap. 12-critical review by C. W.
Smith (Engineering Science and Mechanics Dept.), specimen for Fig.
12.4 courtesy of W. G. Reuter of the Idaho National Engineering
Laboratory (INEL), and specimen for Fig. 12.10 courtesy of M. S.
Dadkhah (Rockwell Science Center); Chap. 13-information on the
absolute frequency of Bausch & Lomb gratings by E. G. Loewen
(Milton Roy Co.), advice on statistics by A. Heller, statistician, R. A.
Heller (Engineering Science and Mechanics Dept.), and R. G.
Krutchkoff (Statistics Dept.) and assistance with the experiment by R.
B. Watson (Measurements Group, Inc.) and A. L. Wang (Engineering
Science and Mechanics Dept.). The departments listed above are at
VPI&SU.
Figures that originated outside the authors' affiliations (VPI&SU,
NASA and IBM) were provided by colleagues; they are acknowledged
in the figure captions. Figures 12.5 and 12.6 are republished by
courtesy of the Society for Experimental Mechanics. Other figures
provided by colleagues are in the public domain by virtue of
sponsorship by the U. S. Government.
Permission was extended by the Society for Experimental
Mechanics (K. A. Galione, Managing Director and Publisher) to use
published material that we authored. Portions of Ref. 1 in Chap. 7
were used with permission of the J. Composite Materials (H. T. Hahn,
editor). Portions of Ref. 2 in Chap. 8 were used with permission of the
American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Research in Chap. 9 was
conducted at the NASA Langley Research Center and included with
permISSIOn. Research in Chap. 10 was conducted at the IBM
Corporation and included with permission.
Professor J. W. Dally (Uniy. of Maryland) reviewed the entire book
and gave us numerous important suggestions. His experience, wisdom
and fresh point of view were shared most graciously.
The seemingly endless efforts of Frieda Post, who typed, proofread
and critiqued the manuscript, is deeply appreciated. Her support and
encouragement has been wonderful.
The assistance of all who contributed to this book is gratefully
acknowledged.
Contents
Series Preface ..................................................................................... vii
Preface/Acknowledgments ................................................................ ix
List of Symbols ................................................................................... xix
1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 1
1.1 Our Subject ....................................................................................... 1
1.2 Scope and Style ................................................................................. 2
1.3 History .............................................................................................. 3
1.4 Comment on Exercises ..................................................................... 5
1.5 References ......................................................................................... 5
PART I 7
2 Elements of Optics ........................................................................... 9
2.1 The Nature of Light .......................................................................... 9
• More Details ............................................................................. 11
• Metallic Reflection .................................................................... 16
• Dielectric Reflection ................................................................. 17
• Refraction ................................................................................. 19
2.2 Optical Elements ............................................................................ 20
• Light Sources ............................................................................ 20
• Wedges, Prisms, Mirrors .......................................................... 23
• Partial Mirrors ......................................................................... 23
• Antireflection Coatings ............................................................ 26
• Lenses ....................................................................................... 26
• Laser-beam Expander, Spatial Filter, Optical Fibers ............ 32
• Parabolic Mirrors ..................................................................... 33
2.3 Coherent Superposition ................................................................. 34
• Pure Two-beam Interference ................................................... 34
• Conservation of Energy ............................................................ 37
• Impure Two-beam Interference ............................................... 38
• Fringe Patterns and Walls ofInterference ............................. 38
• Warped Wave Fronts ................................................................ 44
• The Camera .............................................................................. 45
• Two-beam Interferometers ...................................................... 48
xii Contents
• Derivation of the Interference Equations ............................... 53
• Interference with Broad Spectrum Light ............................... 58
2.4 Superposition of Incoherent Light Waves ..................................... 62
2.5 Diffraction Gratings and Diffraction ............................................. 65
• Wave Fronts and Optical Path Lengths .................................. 73
• Equivalency and Virtual Gratings .......................................... 75
• Self-imaging of Gratings .......................................................... 76
2.6 References ....................................................................................... 78
2.7 Key Relationships ........................................................................... 78
2.8 Exercises ......................................................................................... 81
3 Geometric Moire ............................................................................. 85
3.1 Basic Features of Moire .................................................................. 85
• Gratings, Fringes, Visibility .................................................... 85
• Intensity Distribution .............................................................. 87
• Multiplicative and Additive Intensities .................................. 89
• Pure Rotation and Extension .................................................. 92
• Moire Fringes as Parametric Curves ...................................... 93
• Fringe Vectors ......................................................................... 101
• Amplification by Moire ........................................................... 103
• Fringe Sharpening and Multiplication ................................. 105
• Circular Gratings ................................................................... 108
3.2 In-plane Displacements of a Deformed Body .............................. 110
• Physical Concepts, Absolute Displacements ......................... 110
• Practical Example, Relative Displacements ......................... 112
• Mismatch Fringes (Carrier Fringes) ..................................... 115
• Fringe Shifting ....................................................................... 117
3.3 Out-of-plane Displacements ......................................................... 118
• Shadow Moire ......................................................................... 119
• Projection Moire ..................................................................... 124
• Comparison ............................................................................. 129
3.4 References ..................................................................................... 130
3.5 Key Relationships ......................................................................... 131
3.6 Exercises ....................................................................................... 132
4 Moire Interferometry .................................................................. 135
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 135
4.2 A More Rigorous Explanation ..................................................... 140
4.3 Mathematical Analysis ................................................................ 143
• Implications of the Analysis .................................................. 147
4.4 The Virtual Reference Grating Concept ...................................... 148
4.5 Theoretical Limit .......................................................................... 150
4.6 Sensitivity and Resolution ........................................................... 151