Table Of ContentSmart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 19
Asaf Grosz
Michael J. Haji-Sheikh
Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay Editors
High Sensitivity
Magnetometers
Smart Sensors, Measurement
and Instrumentation
Volume 19
Series editor
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
School of Engineering and Advanced Technology (SEAT)
Massey University (Manawatu)
Palmerston North
New Zealand
e-mail: [email protected]
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10617
Asaf Grosz Michael J. Haji-Sheikh
(cid:129)
Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay
Editors
High Sensitivity
Magnetometers
123
Editors
Asaf Grosz SubhasC. Mukhopadhyay
Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Massey University (Manawatu)
Beer-Sheva Palmerston North
Israel NewZealand
Michael J.Haji-Sheikh
Northern Illinois University
DeKalb, IL
USA
ISSN 2194-8402 ISSN 2194-8410 (electronic)
Smart Sensors, Measurement andInstrumentation
ISBN978-3-319-34068-5 ISBN978-3-319-34070-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-34070-8
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016942777
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Contents
Induction Coil Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Kunihisa Tashiro
Parallel Fluxgate Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Michal Janosek
Orthogonal Fluxgate Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Mattia Butta
Giant Magneto-Impedance (GMI) Magnetometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Christophe Dolabdjian and David Ménard
Magnetoelectric Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Mirza I. Bichurin, Vladimir M. Petrov, Roman V. Petrov
and Alexander S. Tatarenko
Anisotropic Magnetoresistance (AMR) Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Michael J. Haji-Sheikh and Kristen Allen
Planar Hall Effect (PHE) Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Vladislav Mor, Asaf Grosz and Lior Klein
Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) Magnetometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Candid Reig and María-Dolores Cubells-Beltrán
MEMS Lorentz Force Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Agustín Leobardo Herrera-May, Francisco López-Huerta
and Luz Antonio Aguilera-Cortés
Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID)
Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Matthias Schmelz and Ronny Stolz
Cavity Optomechanical Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Warwick P. Bowen and Changqiu Yu
v
vi Contents
Planar Magnetometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Asif I. Zia and Subhas C. Mukhopadhyay
Magnetic Resonance Based Atomic Magnetometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Antoine Weis, Georg Bison and Zoran D. Grujić
Nonlinear Magneto-Optical Rotation Magnetometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425
Wojciech Gawlik and Szymon Pustelny
Spin Exchange Relaxation Free (SERF) Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Igor Mykhaylovich Savukov
Helium Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
Werner Heil
Microfabricated Optically-Pumped Magnetometers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Ricardo Jiménez-Martínez and Svenja Knappe
Magnetometry with Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers in Diamond . . . . . . . . . 553
Kasper Jensen, Pauli Kehayias and Dmitry Budker
Abstract
Oneapproachtothedevelopmentofmagnetometersisthepursuitofanidealdevice
that meets the demands and limitations of all the possible applications. Such an
ideal device must haveultra-high resolution,ultra-lowpower consumption,a wide
dynamic range and bandwidth, as well as being ultra-miniature, inexpensive,
operableoverawiderangeoftemperaturesandmore,which,alltogether,doesnot
seem realistic.
Sincethissilverbulletiscurrentlyunachievable,researchersareseekingoptimal,
ratherthanideal,magnetometers.Anoptimalmagnetometeristhatwhichbestfitsa
setofrequirementsdictatedbyaspecificapplication.However,thelargenumberof
applications employing magnetic sensors leads to a great variety of requirements
and, naturally, also to a large number of “optimal magnetometers”.
The aim of this book is to assist the readers in their search for their optimal
magnetometer.Thebookgathers,forthefirsttime,anoverviewofnearlyallofthe
magnetic sensors that exist today. This broad overview exposes the readers, rela-
tively quickly, to a wide variety of sensors. The book offers the readers thorough
and comprehensive knowledge, from basics to the state-of-the-art, and is therefore
suitable for both beginners and experts.
From the more common and popular AMR magnetometers and up to the
recently developed NV center magnetometers, each chapter describes a specific
type of sensor and provides all the information that is necessary to understand the
magnetometer behavior, including theoretical background, noise model, materials,
electronics, design and fabrication techniques.
Weinvitestudents,researchersandengineerstolearnmoreaboutthefascinating
world of magnetic sensing.
vii
Induction Coil Magnetometers
Kunihisa Tashiro
Abstract This chapter describes induction magnetometers with air-core coils for
weak magnetic fields detection. In order to explain the historical background, the
introduction provides the useful references through the author’s experiences. Two
detectionmodels,thevoltageandcurrentdetectionmodel,canhelptounderstandof
theoperationalprinciple.Becausethekeycomponentsarethecoilsandelectronics,
practically useful design tips are summarized. Some experimental demonstration
results with well-designed induction magnetometers are also mentioned.
1 Introduction
Because the study of induction magnetometers has long history in many research
fields, this magnetometers are also given several names as induction sensors (ISs),
induction magnetic field transducers (ITs), search coil magnetometers (SCMs),
magneticantenna,coilsensors,andpickupcoils.Theyhavebeenusedmanyyears
to measure micropulsations of the Earth’s magnetic field in ground-based stations
[1], to study of magnetic field variations in space plasmas [2], and to several
scientific spacecraft missions [3]. Although fluxgate is well adapted for weak
magnetic field from dc to a few Hz, while induction magnetometers extend the
frequencybandmeasurementfromfew100 MHztofewkHz[4].Averyimportant
advantage of induction magnetometers is that they are completely passive sensors:
they do not require any internal energy source to convert magnetic field into
electrical signal. The only power consumption associated with a search coil is that
neededforsignalprocessing[5].Inductionmagnetometersareoneoftheoldestand
most well-known types of magnetic sensors, and they can cover numerous appli-
cations. Several good review papers [6–8] and handbooks [9–11] published in the
21stcenturymayhelptofollowthem.Althoughtherearealotofmagneticsensors
K.Tashiro(&)
SpinDeviceTechnologyCenter(SDTC),ShinshuUniversity,Wakasato4-17-1,
Nagano,Japan
e-mail:[email protected]
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2017 1
A.Groszetal.(eds.),HighSensitivityMagnetometers,SmartSensors,
MeasurementandInstrumentation19,DOI10.1007/978-3-319-34070-8_1
2 K.Tashiro
are proposed, the study of induction magnetometer is still attractive to this author.
One of the reason is that the technical details are still difficult to answer, clearly.
Themotivationofthischapteristoprovideauthor’sexperiencesandtipsrelatedto
study the induction magnetometer.
The “first contact” of this author to the induction magnetometers was related to
the biomagnetic measurements. Although SQUID sensors are common tool in this
measurements atpresent, they did not exist when the evidence for the existence of
magneticfieldsfromhumanheart[12]andbrain[13]werepresented.Fortheboth
magnetocardiography (MCG) and magnetoencephalograpy (MEG) measurements,
the signals were measured with induction magnetometers whose operational prin-
ciple was voltage detection mode. Because of the operational principle based on
Faraday’sinductionlaw,thepickupcoilhasamagnetic(ferrite)coreandlargethe
numberofwindingsasone-millionortwo-million.Althoughtheuseofamagnetic
coremakesthesensitivityhigh,theestimationofeffectivepermeabilityisoneofthe
difficult problem [14]. Because theoretical estimation of demagnetization factor
onlyexistsforanellipsoidalbodywhichisplacedinauniformmagneticfield.This
chapter does not focuses on the design of the magnetic cores. In order to weak,
low-frequency magnetic field, reduction of environmental magnetic fields is nec-
essary. The design and construction of magnetic shielded room [15] were very
important for the success of the first MEG measurements. In other words, the
necessity of the magnetic shielded room is a barrier to install the MEG system for
local hospitals. In case of the first MCG measurements, the environmental noise
was suppressed by the use of the signal conditioning circuit and gradiometer, two
pickup coil connected in anti-parallel direction. In fact, the author also confirmed
that the possibility to detect the MCG signal outside the magnetic shielded room
[16]. It should be noted that the electrical interferences should be reduced by
choosing suitable grounding points and simple electrical shielding enclosure,
Faraday cage.
The motivation to start studying the induction magnetometers was not for the
MCG measurements; it was the demands for a magnetic shield evaluation.
Compared with the geomagnetic field (dc field), the amplitude of environmental
magnetic fields at 50/60 Hz in our living environmental is low. And the perfor-
manceindcfieldsisusuallylimitedbytheinternalmagneticfieldproducedbyown
magneticlayers,sothat thefluxgateisenoughtotheevaluationindcperformance
[17]. When the magnetic shield to be evaluated is placed with a sufficient distance
from electrical devices or power lines, the amplitude of environmental magnetic
field at 50/60 Hz were usually less than 0.1 µT. The magnetic shielding factor is
usuallydefinedbytheratioofexternaltointernalfieldstrength.Iftheevaluationof
magnetic shielding factor is larger than 100,000, the corresponding magnetic field
inside themagneticshieldislessthan 1 pT.AlthoughSQUIDsensorscanbeused
forthisevaluation,theinterferencesofurbanRFnoisesshouldbereducedbecause
they disturbs the measurement results [18]. Compared with a commercially avail-
able fluxgate, the advantages of induction magnetometers are very attractive [19].
