High-Rise Buildings under Multi-Hazard Environment: Assessment and Design for Optimal Performance

251 Pages·2017·8.516 MB·English

by  Mingfeng Huang (auth.)

Mingfeng Huang
High-Rise
Buildings Under
Multi-Hazard
Environment
Assessment and Design for Optimal
Performance
High-Rise Buildings Under Multi-Hazard
Environment
Mingfeng Huang
High-Rise Buildings
Under Multi-Hazard
Environment
Assessment and Design for Optimal
Performance
123
Mingfeng Huang
ZhejiangUniversity
Hangzhou, Zhejiang
China
ISBN978-981-10-1743-8 ISBN978-981-10-1744-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-1744-5
Jointlypublished with Science Press, Beijing
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Acknowledgements
Firstandforemost,IwouldliketooffermysincerestthankstoProf.LouWenjuan,
forreadingthismonographandprovidingmany valuable comments thatimproved
the contents of this monograph, as well as for her constructive suggestion and
comments through this research.
I have enjoyed the camaraderie of the wind engineering research group at
ZhejiangUniversity:Prof.XieJiming,Prof.ChenShuifu,Dr.ChenYong,Dr.Shen
Guohui, Dr. Yu Shice and Dr. Xu Haiwei. I have benefited much from each
of them at various times and places: their insightful and critical comments and
suggestions,theircollaborationandassistanceinresearch,aswell astheenjoyable
atmospherebuiltbythemwithheartandsoul.Iwouldalsoliketooffermysincerest
thanks to professors in Hong Kong University of Science and Technology: Prof.
Chan Chun-man, Prof. Kwok Kenny C.S. and Prof. Tse Tim K.T., for their
cooperation and contribution to this research.
It would be difficult to acknowledge everyone who has in some way or another
contributed to the research reported in this book. During the past several years,
I have received help and encouragement from many researchers and people in
different ways. Moreover, I owe much to my parents, my wife, and my sister for
always believing in me and encouraging me to achieve my goals. Without their
encouragement and understanding, it would have been impossible for me to finish
this work.
Finally, I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of National Nature
Science Foundation of China (NSFC). This research was funded by the NSFC
projects (Project Nos. 51008275, 51578504).
v
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Major Challenges of the Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Monograph Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2 Overview on Performance-Based Engineering
Under Multihazard Environments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Performance-Based Engineering and Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD). . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 Performance-Based Wind-Resistant Design (PBWD). . . . . 10
2.1.3 Prediction of Typhoon and Its Risk by Simulation. . . . . . . 13
2.1.4 Uncertainty Modeling in Wind Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2 Dynamic Response Analysis of High-Rise Buildings . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.1 Analysis Method in Time Domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.2 Analysis Method in Frequency Domain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3 Structural Design Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.1 Classical Optimization Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2 Formulations for Structural Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.3 Dynamic Response Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.4 Reliability-Based Design Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.1 Reliability Analysis Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.4.2 Reliability Index Optimization Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.4.3 Performance Measure Optimization Approach. . . . . . . . . . 41
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3 A Hybrid RANS and Kinematic Simulation of Wind Load
Effects on Full-Scale Tall Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.2 RANS Simulation of Mean Flow Field. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
vii
viii Contents
3.3 Kinematic Simulation of Fluctuating Velocity Field
and Poisson Equation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3.1 Energy Density of Anisotropic Turbulence
Near the Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.3.2 Energy Density of Anisotropic Turbulence
Near the Ground. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.3.3 Pressure Fluctuations Associated with Simulated
Velocity Fields. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.4 Case Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4.1 Wind Tunnel-Based Pressure Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4.2 Numerical Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.5 Results and Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.5.1 RANS Simulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5.2 Kinematic Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5.3 Results of Pressure Fluctuations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4 Peak Distributions and Peak Factors of Wind-Induced Pressure
Processes on Tall Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4.2 Peak Factors for Non-Gaussian Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2.1 Hermite Moment-Based Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2.2 Revised Hermite Model (RHM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.3 Generalized Peak Factor Considering Bandwidth
Parameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.2.4 Skewness-Dependent Peak Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.3 Peak Distribution Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.4 Asymptotic Extreme Value Distribution and Fractile Levels . . . . . 89
4.5 Translated-Peak-Process Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.5.1 Determination of Statistical Parameters of Weibull
Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
4.5.2 Procedure of Translated-Peak-Process (TPP) Method. . . . . 92
4.6 Comparison of Different Approaches Using the CAARC
Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.6.1 Wind Tunnel-Based Pressure Measurements. . . . . . . . . . . 92
4.6.2 Non-Gaussian Properties of Wind Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.6.3 Peak Factor Results and Discussions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.7 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Contents ix
5 Time-Domain Dynamic Drift Optimization of Tall Buildings
Subject to Stochastic Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
5.2 Dynamic Response Analysis of Tall Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2.1 Equations of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.2.2 Vibration Analysis in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.2.3 Drift Performance of a Tall Building Under Wind
and Earthquake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.3 Time-Variant Reliability and Probabilistic Constraints . . . . . . . . . 111
5.3.1 The Reliability of Top Deflection Performance. . . . . . . . . 111
5.3.2 Bound Estimation of System Reliability for Interstory
Drift Ratio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.4 Dynamic Response Optimization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.4.1 Formulation of Dynamic Response Optimization. . . . . . . . 113
5.4.2 Treatment and Explicit Formulation of Time-Dependent
Drift Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.4.3 Explicit Formulation of Probabilistic Drift Constraints. . . . 116
5.4.4 Optimality Criteria Method and Design Procedure. . . . . . . 118
5.5 Case Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.1 Performance of the CAARC Building
Under Earthquake. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.5.2 Dynamic Response Optimization for Wind Hazards. . . . . . 121
5.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6 Integrated Structural Optimization and Vibration Control
for Improving Dynamic Performance of Tall Buildings. . . . . . . . . . 133
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.2 A Benchmark Tall Building Under Wind Hazard. . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.3 Optimal Performance-Based Design Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.3.1 Optimal Design Problem Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.3.2 Explicit Formulation of Elastic Drift and Acceleration
Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.3.3 Optimality Criteria Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.3.4 Design Optimization Results for the Uncontrolled
Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.4 Vibration Control Using Smart Tuned Mass Damper (STMD). . . . 142
6.4.1 Smart Tuned Mass Damper (STMD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.4.2 Control Algorithm and Controlled Building Responses . . . 143
6.4.3 An Evaluation on the Capital Cost of the STMD . . . . . . . 146
6.4.4 An Empirical Cost Model of the STMD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.5 Optimal Performance-Based Design Integrating
Vibration Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.5.1 Optimal Design Problem for a Controlled Building. . . . . . 150
6.5.2 Necessary Optimality Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
x Contents
6.5.3 Design Optimization Results for the Controlled
Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.5.4 Cost Comparison Among Vibration Control
and Design Optimization Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
7 Performance-Based Design Optimization of Wind-Excited Tall
Buildings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
7.2 Performance-Based Wind Engineering Design Framework . . . . . . 160
7.2.1 Acceleration-Related, Two-Level Serviceability
Performance Criteria During Frequent or Occasional
Wind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
7.2.2 Elastic Performance Level for Rare Wind Hazards . . . . . . 162
7.2.3 Life Safety Performance During Very Rare
Wind Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.2.4 Statistical Analysis of the Performance-Based
Design Wind Speed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
7.3 Nonlinear Static Analysis of Tall Buildings Subject
to Very Rare Wind Excitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.4 Optimal Wind Performance-Based Design Considering Inelastic
Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.4.1 Explicit Formulation of Plastic Drift Constraints. . . . . . . . 168
7.4.2 ExplicitFormulationoftheElasticDriftandAcceleration
Constraints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.4.3 Augmented Optimality Criteria Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
7.4.4 Two-Phase Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.5 Case Study: The Illustrative Building Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.5.1 The 40-Story Residential Building. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
7.5.2 Wind Tunnel Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.5.3 Wind-Induced Pushover Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
7.5.4 Results and Discussions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
8 Dynamic Identification and Performance Assessment
on a Full-Scale Tall Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
8.2 Full-Scale Field Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
8.2.1 Measured Vibration Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
8.2.2 Identification Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
8.2.3 Modal Frequency and Aerodynamic Damping Ratios. . . . . 193
Contents xi
8.3 Wind Tunnel Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8.3.1 Experiment Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.3.2 Aerodynamic Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
8.3.3 Acceleration Response. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
8.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
9 Multihazard Performance Assessments of a High-Rise Building
in Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
9.2 Building Information and Comparison Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
9.3 Earthquake Responses of Buildings in Hong Kong . . . . . . . . . . . 210
9.3.1 Earthquake Load Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
9.3.2 Earthquake Response Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
9.4 Wind Tunnel Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
9.4.1 Experiment Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
9.4.2 Wind-Induced Response Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
9.5 Comparison of Building Performances Under Wind and
Earthquake Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
9.5.1 Building Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
9.5.2 Short- and Long-Distance Earthquakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
9.5.3 Mean Recurrence Interval. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
9.5.4 Damping Ratios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
9.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231