High Efficiency RF and Microwave Solid State Power Amplifiers

520 Pages·2009·11.81 MB·English

by  Paolo Colantonio

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FM JWBK390/Colantonio July2,2009 21:18 PrinterName:YettoCome
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FM JWBK390/Colantonio July2,2009 21:18 PrinterName:YettoCome
High Efficiency RF and Microwave
Solid State Power Amplifiers
P1:OTE/OTE/SPH P2:OTE
FM JWBK390/Colantonio July2,2009 21:18 PrinterName:YettoCome
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FM JWBK390/Colantonio July2,2009 21:18 PrinterName:YettoCome
High Efficiency RF and Microwave
Solid State Power Amplifiers
Paolo Colantonio, Franco Giannini, and Ernesto Limiti
DepartmentofElectronicEngineering, UniversityofRoma,
TorVergata,Italy
A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication
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Thiseditionfirstpublished2009.
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Colantonio,Paolo.
HighefficiencyRFandmicrowavesolidstatepoweramplifiers/PaoloColantonio,FrancoGiannini,
ErnestoLimiti.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-51300-2(cloth)
1.Poweramplifiers. 2.Amplifiers,Radiofrequency. 3.Microwaveamplifiers. 4.Solidstateelectronics.
I.Giannini,Franco,1944– II.Limiti,Ernesto. III.Title.
TK7871.58.P6C652009
621.381(cid:2)325–dc22
2009015213
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN 978-0-470-51300-2(Hbk)
Typesetin9/11ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India.
PrintedinGreatBritain,byCPIAntonyRowe,Chippenham,Wiltshire
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Contents
Preface xi
AbouttheAuthors xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 PowerAmplifierFundamentals 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 DefinitionofPowerAmplifierParameters 2
1.3 DistortionParameters 7
1.3.1 HarmonicDistortion 9
1.3.2 AM-AM/AM-PM 10
1.3.3 Two-toneIntermodulation 10
1.3.4 InterceptPointIPn 13
1.3.5 CarriertoIntermodulationRatio 14
1.3.6 SpuriousFreeDynamicRange 15
1.3.7 AdjacentChannelPowerRatio 15
1.3.8 NoiseandCo-ChannelPowerRatio(NPRandCCPR) 17
1.3.9 Multi-toneIntermodulationRatio 19
1.3.10 ErrorVectorMagnitude 20
1.4 PowerMatchCondition 20
1.5 ClassofOperation 23
1.6 OverviewofSemiconductorsforPAs 25
1.7 DevicesforPA 28
1.7.1 RequirementsforPowerDevices 29
1.7.2 BJT 31
1.7.3 HBT 32
1.7.4 FET 32
1.7.5 MOSFET 33
1.7.6 LDMOS 34
1.7.7 MESFET 35
1.7.8 HEMT 37
1.7.9 GeneralRemarks 40
1.8 Appendix:DemonstrationofUsefulRelationships 42
1.9 References 44
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2 PowerAmplifierDesign 49
2.1 Introduction 49
2.2 DesignFlow 49
2.3 SimplifiedApproaches 57
2.4 TheTunedLoadAmplifier 63
2.5 SampleDesignofaTunedLoadPA 71
2.6 References 82
3 NonlinearAnalysisforPowerAmplifiers 85
3.1 Introduction 85
3.2 Linearvs.NonlinearCircuits 87
3.3 TimeDomainIntegration 88
3.3.1 IterativeAlgorithm(Newton–RaphsonandFixed-point) 91
3.4 Example 92
3.4.1 ForwardEulerSolution 94
3.4.2 BackwardEulerSolution 94
3.4.3 Steady-stateAnalysisandShootingMethod 98
3.4.4 Example 99
3.5 SolutionbySeriesExpansion 101
3.6 TheVolterraSeries 101
3.6.1 ResponsetoaSingle-toneExcitation 103
3.6.2 ResponsetoaTwo-toneExcitation 104
3.6.3 TheProbingMethod 106
3.6.4 Example 107
3.6.5 CascadeofSystems 110
3.7 TheFourierSeries 113
3.8 TheHarmonicBalance 114
3.8.1 Example 120
3.8.2 Multi-toneHBAnalysis 122
3.9 EnvelopeAnalysis 123
3.10 SpectralBalance 125
3.11 LargeSignalStabilityIssue 126
3.12 References 127
4 LoadPull 131
4.1 Introduction 131
4.2 PassiveSource/LoadPullMeasurementSystems 132
4.3 ActiveSource/LoadPullMeasurementSystems 137
4.3.1 Two-signalPathTechnique 138
4.3.2 ActiveLoopTechnique 138
4.4 MeasurementTest-sets 143
4.4.1 ScalarSystems 143
4.4.2 VNABasedSystems 146
4.4.3 Six-portReflectometerBasedSystems 148
4.5 AdvancedLoadPullMeasurements 151
4.5.1 IntermodulationMeasurements 151
4.5.2 Time-domainWaveformLoadPull 153
4.5.3 PulsedLoadPull 156
4.6 Source/LoadPullCharacterization 156
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CONTENTS vii
4.7 DeterminationofOptimumLoadCondition 160
4.7.1 ExampleofSimplifiedLoadPullContour 164
4.7.2 DesignofanAmplifierStageusingSimplifiedLoadPullContours 168
4.8 Appendix:ConstructionofSimplifiedLoadPullContoursthrough
LinearSimulations 169
4.9 References 172
5 HighEfficiencyPADesignTheory 177
5.1 Introduction 177
5.2 PowerBalanceinaPA 178
5.3 IdealApproaches 181
5.3.1 TunedLoad 182
5.3.2 ClassForInverseClassF(ClassF−1) 182
5.3.3 ClassEorGeneralSwitched-mode 183
5.4 HighFrequencyHarmonicTuningApproaches 184
5.4.1 MathematicalStatements 185
5.5 HighFrequencyThirdHarmonicTuned(ClassF) 190
5.6 HighFrequencySecondHarmonicTuned 196
5.7 HighFrequencySecondandThirdHarmonicTuned 202
5.8 DesignbyHarmonicTuning 208
5.8.1 TruncatedSinusoidalCurrentWaveform 211
5.8.2 QuadraticCurrentWaveform 214
5.8.3 RectangularCurrentWaveform 216
5.9 FinalRemarks 219
5.10 References 221
6 SwitchedAmplifiers 223
6.1 Introduction 223
6.2 TheIdealClassEAmplifier 224
6.3 ClassEBehaviouralAnalysis 225
6.4 LowFrequencyClassEAmplifierDesign 230
6.5 ClassEAmplifierDesignwith50%Duty-cycle 234
6.5.1 PracticalImplementationandVariantsofClassEPowerAmplifiers 237
6.5.2 HighFrequencyClassEAmplifiers 240
6.6 ExamplesofHighFrequencyClassEAmplifiers 245
6.6.1 C-BandGaAsClassEAmplifier 246
6.6.2 X-BandGaAsClassEAmplifier 247
6.6.3 S-BandGaNClassEAmplifier 252
6.6.4 S-BandLDMOSClassEAmplifier 254
6.7 ClassEvs.HarmonicTuned 257
6.8 ClassEFinalRemarks 260
6.9 Appendix:DemonstrationofUsefulRelationships 261
6.10 References 263
7 HighFrequencyClassFPowerAmplifiers 267
7.1 Introduction 267
7.2 ClassFDescriptionBasedonVoltageWave-shaping 268
7.3 HighFrequencyClassFAmplifiers 273
7.3.1 EffectsofDeviceOutputResistanceR 277
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viii CONTENTS
7.4 BiasLevelSelection 280
7.5 ClassFOutputMatchingNetworkDesign 286
7.6 ClassFDesignExamples 289
7.7 References 295
8 HighFrequencyHarmonicTunedPowerAmplifiers 297
8.1 Introduction 297
8.2 TheoryofHarmonicTunedPADesign 298
8.3 InputDeviceNonlinearPhenomena:TheoreticalAnalysis 303
8.4 InputDeviceNonlinearPhenomena:ExperimentalResults 309
8.5 OutputDeviceNonlinearPhenomena 316
8.6 DesignofaSecondHTPowerAmplifier 321
8.7 DesignofaSecondandThirdHTPowerAmplifier 328
8.8 Exampleof2ndHTGaNPA 335
8.9 FinalRemarks 336
8.10 References 339
9 HighLinearityinEfficientPowerAmplifiers 341
9.1 Introduction 341
9.2 SystemsClassification 342
9.3 LinearityIssue 345
9.4 BiasPointInfluenceonIMD 347
9.5 HarmonicLoadingEffectsonIMD 352
9.5.1 HighLinearityandHighEfficiencyPADesignProcess 354
9.5.2 HighLinearityandHighEfficiencyPADesignExample 358
9.6 Appendix:VolterraAnalysisExample 362
9.7 References 365
10 PowerCombining 369
10.1 Introduction 369
10.2 DeviceScalingProperties 370
10.3 PowerBudget 371
10.4 PowerCombinerClassification 373
10.5 TheT-junctionPowerDivider 377
10.5.1 ResistiveDivider 379
10.6 WilkinsonCombiner 380
10.6.1 Two-wayEqualSplitterWilkinsonCombiner/divider 383
10.6.2 Two-wayUnequalSplitterWilkinsonCombiner/divider 385
10.6.3 Two-wayWilkinsonwithArbitraryImpedances 386
10.6.4 OtherTwo-wayWilkinsonStructures 387
10.6.5 PlanarizationofN-wayWilkinsonSplitter/combiner 388
10.6.6 DesignConsiderationsonWilkinsonSplitter/combiner 391
10.7 TheQuadrature(90◦)Hybrid 395
10.7.1 Branch-line 395
10.7.2 CoupledLineDirectionalCouplers 400
10.7.3 TheLangeCoupler 404
10.8 The180◦Hybrid(RingCouplerorRat-race) 405
10.9 Bus-barCombiner 407