Hierarchically Porous Bio-Carbon Based Composites for High Electromagnetic Shielding Performance

152 Pages·2022·8.115 MB·English

by  Songtao Li, Zhengwang Zhu, Dongyan Liu, Yu Dong

Engineering Materials
Songtao Li
Zhengwang Zhu
Dongyan Liu
Yu Dong
Hierarchically Porous
Bio-Carbon Based
Composites for High
Electromagnetic
Shielding
Performance
Engineering Materials
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· · ·
Songtao Li Zhengwang Zhu Dongyan Liu
Yu Dong
Hierarchically Porous
Bio-Carbon Based
Composites for High
Electromagnetic Shielding
Performance
SongtaoLi ZhengwangZhu
Shi-changxuInnovationCenterfor Shi-changxuInnovationCenterfor
AdvancedMaterials,InstituteofMetal AdvancedMaterials,InstituteofMetal
Research Research
ChineseAcademyofSciences ChineseAcademyofSciences
Shenyang,China Shenyang,China
DongyanLiu YuDong
Shi-changxuInnovationCenterfor SchoolofCivilandMechanical
AdvancedMaterials,InstituteofMetal Engineering
Research CurtinUniversity
ChineseAcademyofSciences Perth,WA,Australia
Shenyang,China
ISSN1612-1317 ISSN1868-1212 (electronic)
EngineeringMaterials
ISBN978-981-19-1068-5 ISBN978-981-19-1069-2 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1069-2
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Preface
With the rapid development of technological innovation, people enjoy the conve-
niencegainedbyelectronicproducts,butwehavetorealizethathigh-energyelec-
tromagneticwavesusedinelectronicproductsmaycausepotentialdamagetopreci-
sionequipmentandevenendangerhumanhealth.Therefore,itisurgenttodevelop
high-efficiency electromagnetic shielding materials. Traditionally, metal materials
withhighconductivityareusuallyusedaselectromagneticshieldingmaterialsdue
to their good mechanical properties and high shielding performance. However, a
strongreflectivityofmetalmaterialstoelectromagneticwavemaycausesecondary
electromagneticpollutionofsurroundingdevices.Atthesametime,metalmaterials
havesomeseriousdefectssuchaspoorcorrosionresistance,difficultprocessingand
highdensity,whichlimitrapidapplicationsandthedevelopmentofmetalmaterials
aselectromagneticshieldingmaterials.Therefore,polymer/carboncompositeshave
drawngreatattentionasasubstituteformetalsaselectromagneticshieldingmaterials,
whichhavetypicaladvantagesofadjustableshieldingperformance,corrosionresis-
tance,easyprocessingandlowdensity.Atpresent,mostconductivecarbonmaterials
arederivedfrommineralresourcesorobtainedthroughchemicalsynthesis.More-
over,carbonmaterialsinvariousindustrieshavebecomeincreasinglydemanding,as
exemplifiedbybatteries,supercapacitors,catalysis,wastewatertreatment,electronic
devices,heatinsulationandflameretardants.Theexcessiveuseoffossilenergyand
artificialchemicalmaterialsastherawcarbon-basedmaterialsundoubtedlyimposes
enormously negative effect on the environment. Therefore, renewable, ecofriendly
andinexpensivecarbonmaterialsderivedfrombiomaterialsareemployedtoreplace
orpartiallyreplacetheoriginalonesinordertoalleviatethedamagetoourecological
environment. The widespread applications of bio-carbon materials to manufacture
efficient and multifunctional electromagnetic shielding composites are anticipated
tobeafuturedevelopmenttrend.
This book covers the overall idea of using natural loofah as a porous carbon
rawmaterialtopreparehigh-efficiency electromagneticshieldingcomposites.The
frequencies of electromagnetic waves for all investigations belong to the X-band
inrangeof8.2–12.4GHz,whichareoftenusedinradar,satellitecommunications,
militaryserviceandwirelesscomputernetworks.Thedevelopmentandapplications
v
vi Preface
ofcarbonizedloofahfibersandcarbonizedloofahspongearesystematicallyelabo-
rated,andtheirphysicalpropertiessummarizedandtestedcanbeaveryusefulguid-
ancetopracticalandcommercialapplicationsofloofah.Twomethodsofmodifying
carbonizedloofahareinterpretedindetailviaelectrolessplatingandchemicalvapor
deposition (CVD) in order to achieve good electrical conductivity and mechanical
properties.Anovelthree-dimensionalstructuredesignconceptof“bignetsnested
smallnets”hasbeenproposedtofabricatefunctionalcompositematerialsbasedon
carbonizedloofahfibers,nickel-platedcarbonizedloofahfibers,CVDcarbon-coated
carbonized loofah sponge, graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), silicon carbide,
MXene,andpolyetheretherketone(PEEK).Theinternalrelationshipbetweenmate-
rial structure and overall performances including mechanical properties, electrical
conductivity, electromagnetic shielding performance and thermal performance has
beenholisticallyevaluated.Mostimportantly,goodsynergisticeffectofcarbonized
loofahandotherfunctionalfillerswarrantsitsimportantroleasacheap,ecofriendly,
sustainable,renewableandnon-toxicsubstituteforactiveshieldingfillers.
In this book, Chap. 1 shows a detailed literature review on the development of
electromagneticshieldingcompositesincludingtheperformancemechanism,prepa-
rationmethodsandmaterialtypes,especiallywithrespecttothedescriptionofmate-
rialstructuresandshieldingfillers.Thischapterfocusesonthecutting-edgeapplica-
tionofbiomaterialsinthefieldofelectromagneticshielding.Chapter2describesthe
feasibilityofcarbonizedloofahfibersaseffectivefillersforelectromagneticshielding
composites. The preparation process and physical properties of carbonized loofah
fibers are systematically investigated. PEEK is used as the polymer matrix, while
carbonizedloofahfibersandgrapheneworkascorrespondingfillerstomanufacture
an electromagnetic shielding composite. This chapter reveals the combined effect
of carbonized loofah fibers and graphene on their electrical conductivity, mechan-
ical properties, electromagnetic shielding performance and thermal properties. It
usesmostcontentsfromourpublishedresearcharticleLiSetal(2018)Synergistic
effect of graphene nanoplate and carbonized loofah fiber on the electromagnetic
shieldingeffectivenessofPEEK-basedcomposites.Carbon143:154–161.Chapter3
introduces the preparation of nickel@carbonized loofah fiber/CNT/PEEK electro-
magnetic shielding composites via electroless nickel plating and hot press. This
chapterfocusesontheelectromagneticshieldingmechanismofpreparedcomposite
materialsandthedifferenceswithrespecttotheeffectsofmetallicnickel,CNTsand
carbonizedloofahfibersontheshieldingperformanceofcomposites.Thischapter
mentionsmostcontentsfromourpublishedresearcharticleLiSetal(2019)Super-
compression-resistantmultiwalledcarbonnanotube/nickel-coatedcarbonizedloofah
fiber/polyether ether ketone composite with excellent electromagnetic shielding
performance.ACSSustainChemEng7:13970–13980.Chapter4presentstheeffec-
tiveapplicationofcarbonizedloofahspongewithathree-dimensionalnetworkstruc-
tureforelectromagneticshielding.Anewstrategythatusesphenolicresintothree-
dimensionally shaped natural loofah sponge solves a typical problem that bioma-
terials are too brittle and difficult for reprocessing after carbonization. The unique
relationshipbetweenelectromagneticshieldingperformance,electricalconductivity
andthicknessofsiliconcarbide@carbonizedloofahspongecompositesisrevealed
Preface vii
under different compression deformation levels of composites. This chapter uses
mostcontentsfromourpublishedresearcharticleLiSetal(2020)Strongandheat-
resistant SiC coated carbonized natural loofah sponge for electromagnetic inter-
ference shielding. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8:435–444. Chapter 5 proposes the
designconceptofcombiningCVDcarbon@carbonizedloofahspongewithmacro-
porous skeleton and MXene aerogel with small pore microstructures. The effects
of CVD carbon layer and MXene aerogel structure on the electrical conductivity
andelectromagneticshieldingperformanceofpreparedcompositesarepresentedin
detail. Moreover, good mechanical properties and flame retardancy of composites
are evidently shown based on unique characteristics of CVD carbon@carbonized
loofahspongeandMXeneaerogeltowardsthedevelopmentofnewfunctionalmate-
rials.ThischapterusesmostcontentsfromourpublishedresearcharticleLiSetal
(2021) CVD carbon-coated carbonized loofah sponge loaded with a directionally
arrayedMXeneaerogelforelectromagneticinterferenceshielding.JMaterChemA
9(1):358–370. Chapter 6 reviews the characteristics and advantages of carbonized
loofahanditsimportantapplicationsinthefieldofelectromagneticshielding,along
withaseriesofinnovativeideasandspecificuseplanningschemesforwidespread
applicationsofcarbonizedloofah.
ThefirstauthorSongtaoLiwouldliketothanktheInstituteofMetalResearch,
Chinese Academy of Sciences and the University of Science and Technology of
Chinafortheirresearchsupporttocompletetherelevantcontentsinthisbook.Finan-
cialsupportfromIMRInnovationFund(2021-PY18)andNationalNaturalScience
FoundationofChina(52102121)arealsogratefullyacknowledged.Inparticular,we
alsosincerelythankSpringerNatureeditorialteamincludingLoyolaD’Silva,Coral
Zhou,AshokArumairaj,SindhuSundararajan,AnilChandyandWilliamAchauer
fortheirhelpandsupportforthissuccessfullypublishedbook.
Wewelcomevaluablecommentsandfeedbackfromotherresearchers,scientists,
and materials engineers to improve the overall quality of this book. We also hope
that this book can provide important guidance for the expansion and applications
of related biomaterials including material preparation, material selection, material
structuredesign,materialcharacterizationmethodsandmaterialphysicalproperties.
Shenyang,China SongtaoLi
Perth,Australia ZhengwangZhu
DongyanLiu
YuDong
Contents
1 IntroductiontoElectromagneticShieldingComposites ............. 1
1.1 AdverseEffectsofElectromagneticWaves ..................... 1
1.2 MechanismofElectromagneticShielding ...................... 2
1.3 ElectromagneticShieldingComposites ........................ 6
1.3.1 ConductiveFillers .................................... 8
1.3.2 ConductiveNetworks ................................. 16
1.4 ApplicationsofBiomaterialsinElectromagneticShielding
Field ...................................................... 28
1.5 Summary .................................................. 31
References ..................................................... 31
2 Graphene/Carbonized Loofah Fiber/Polyetheretherketone
(PEEK)Composites ............................................ 39
2.1 OverallDesignofAdvancedCompositeSystem ................ 39
2.2 MaterialsandExperimentalMethods .......................... 40
2.2.1 Materials ........................................... 40
2.2.2 PreparationofCarbonizedLoofahFibers ................ 40
2.2.3 Preparation of Graphene/Carbonized Loofah
Fiber/PEEKComposites .............................. 41
2.3 CharacterizationTechniques ................................. 42
2.4 ResultsandDiscussion ...................................... 43
2.4.1 MorphologicalAnalysis ............................... 43
2.4.2 MechanicalProperties ................................ 45
2.4.3 RamanandX-RayDiffraction(XRD)Analyses .......... 46
2.4.4 ElectricalConductivity ............................... 47
2.4.5 ElectromagneticShieldingPerformance ................. 49
2.4.6 ThermalStability .................................... 51
2.5 Summary .................................................. 52
References ..................................................... 53
ix
x Contents
3 CarbonNanotube(CNT)/Nickel-PlatedCarbonizedLoofah
Fiber/PEEKComposites ........................................ 55
3.1 MaterialDesignApproach ................................... 55
3.2 MaterialSelectionandManufacturingMethods ................. 56
3.2.1 Materials ........................................... 56
3.2.2 Preparation of Nickel-Plated Carbonized Loofah
Fibers .............................................. 57
3.2.3 PreparationofMWCNT/Nickel-PlatedCarbonized
LoofahFiber/PEEKComposites ....................... 58
3.3 CharacterizationTechniques ................................. 59
3.4 ResultsandDiscussion ...................................... 59
3.4.1 MechanicalProperties ................................ 59
3.4.2 MorphologicalAnalysis ............................... 61
3.4.3 RamanandXRDAnalyses ............................ 63
3.4.4 FractureMorphology ................................. 64
3.4.5 Electrical Conductivity and Electromagnetic
ShieldingPerformance ................................ 66
3.4.6 ThermalStability .................................... 73
3.5 Summary .................................................. 74
References ..................................................... 74
4 SiliconCarbideWhiskersCoatedCarbonizedLoofahSponge
Composites .................................................... 77
4.1 OverallCompositeDesign ................................... 77
4.2 MaterialsandUsedMethods ................................. 78
4.2.1 Materials ........................................... 78
4.2.2 Pre-TreatmentofLoofahSponge ....................... 78
4.2.3 PreparationofCarbonizedLoofahSponge ............... 80
4.2.4 Preparation of Silicon Carbide Whiskers Coated
CarbonizedLoofahSponge ............................ 80
4.3 CharacterizationTechniques ................................. 82
4.4 ResultsandDiscussion ...................................... 83
4.4.1 Thermogravimetric Analysis of Natural Loofah
Sponge ............................................. 83
4.4.2 MechanicalProperties ................................ 84
4.4.3 RamanandXRDAnalyses ............................ 87
4.4.4 ElectricalConductivity ............................... 88
4.4.5 ElectromagneticShieldingPerformance ................. 90
4.4.6 ThermalProperties ................................... 94
4.5 Summary .................................................. 96
References ..................................................... 96