Table Of ContentHETEROGENEOUS
NETWORKS IN
LTE-ADVANCED
HETEROGENEOUS
NETWORKS IN
LTE-ADVANCED
JoydeepAcharya,LongGaoandSudhanshuGaur
HitachiAmericaLtd.,USA
Thiseditionfirstpublished2014
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1 2014
Contents
AbouttheAuthors xi
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
ListofAcronyms xix
1 AnIntroductiontoHeterogeneousNetworks 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 HeterogeneousNetworkDeployments 3
1.2.1 DistributedAntennaSystems 3
1.2.2 PublicAccessPicocells/Metrocells 4
1.2.3 Consumer-GradeFemtocells 4
1.2.4 WiFiSystems 5
1.3 FeaturesofHeterogeneousNetworks 5
1.3.1 AssociationandLoadBalancing 5
1.3.2 InterferenceManagement 6
1.3.3 Self-OrganizingNetworks 6
1.3.4 MobilityManagement 7
1.4 EvolutionofCellularTechnologyandStandards 7
1.4.1 3GPPStandardizationProcess 9
References 10
PartI OVERVIEW
2 FundamentalsofLTE 15
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 LTECoreNetwork 17
2.2.1 ControlPlane 18
2.2.2 UserPlane 19
2.2.3 PracticalImplementationsoftheCoreNetwork 19
vi Contents
2.3 LTERadioAccessNetwork 20
2.3.1 ControlPlane 20
2.3.2 UserPlane 23
2.4 ConnectivityAmongeNodeBs:TheX2Interface 24
2.4.1 Load-andInterference-RelatedInformation 26
2.4.2 Handover-RelatedInformation 26
2.5 TechnologiesinLTE 27
2.5.1 OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing 27
2.5.2 MultipleAntennaCommunications 36
References 42
3 LTESignalStructureandPhysicalChannels 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 LTESignalStructure 45
3.3 IntroductiontoLTEPhysicalChannelsandReferenceSignals 48
3.4 ResourceBlockAssignment 51
3.5 DownlinkPhysicalChannels 54
3.5.1 PhysicalBroadcastChannel(PBCH) 55
3.5.2 PhysicalDownlinkSharedChannel(PDSCH) 57
3.5.3 PhysicalMulticastChannel(PMCH) 58
3.5.4 PhysicalControlFormatIndicatorChannel(PCFICH) 58
3.5.5 PhysicalHybridARQIndicatorChannel(PHICH) 59
3.5.6 PhysicalDownlinkControlChannel(PDCCH) 60
3.6 UplinkPhysicalChannels 67
3.6.1 PhysicalUplinkSharedChannel(PUSCH) 67
3.6.2 PhysicalUplinkControlChannel(PUCCH) 68
3.6.3 PhysicalRandomAccessChannel(PRACH) 70
References 71
4 PhysicalLayerSignalProcessinginLTE 73
4.1 Introduction 73
4.2 DownlinkSynchronizationSignals 73
4.2.1 PrimarySynchronizationSignal 74
4.2.2 SecondarySynchronizationSignal 76
4.3 ReferenceSignals 77
4.3.1 DownlinkReferenceSignals 77
4.3.2 UplinkReferenceSignals 84
4.4 ChannelEstimationandFeedback 85
4.4.1 BasicsofLinkAdaptation 85
4.4.2 FeedbackforMIMOOFDMChannels 88
4.4.3 NewFeaturesinLTE-Advanced 92
4.5 DesignParadigmofLTESignaling 94
4.6 SchedulingandResourceAllocation 94
4.6.1 SchedulingAlgorithms 96
4.6.2 Inter-eNodeBCoordinationforResourceAllocationinLTE 98
References 100
Contents vii
PartII INTER-CELLINTERFERENCECOORDINATION
5 Release10EnhancedICIC 103
5.1 Introduction 103
5.2 TypicalDeploymentScenarios 103
5.2.1 Macro–PicoDeploymentScenario 104
5.2.2 Macro–FemtoDeploymentScenario 107
5.3 TimeDomainTechniques 110
5.3.1 AlmostBlankSubframe 110
5.3.2 ABSUseCases 113
5.3.3 UEMeasurementandReporting 116
5.3.4 BackhaulSupport 118
5.3.5 SimulationResults 119
5.4 PowerControlTechniques 123
5.4.1 TargetScenario 123
5.4.2 PowerControlSchemes 124
5.4.3 ResultsfromRealisticDeployments 125
5.5 CarrierAggregation-BasedeICIC 127
References 130
6 Release11FurtherEnhancedICIC:TransceiverProcessing 133
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 TypicalDeploymentScenarios 133
6.3 TechniquesforMitigatingCRSInterference 136
6.3.1 Receiver-BasedTechniques 136
6.3.2 Transmitter-BasedTechniques 140
6.4 WeakCellDetection 142
6.5 Non-Zero-PowerABS 144
References 147
7 Release11FurtherEnhancedICIC:RemainingTopics 149
7.1 Carrier-BasedInterferenceCoordination 149
7.1.1 OperationalCarrierSelection 150
7.1.2 PrimaryandSecondaryCellSelection 153
7.2 EnhancedPDCCHforInterferenceCoordination 154
References 159
PartIII COORDINATEDMULTI-POINTTRANSMISSIONRECEPTION
8 DownlinkCoMP:SignalProcessing 163
8.1 Introduction 163
8.2 CoMPScenariosin3GPP 164
8.2.1 HomogeneousNetworkswithIntra-SiteCoMP 164
8.2.2 HomogeneousNetworkswithHigh-PowerRRHs 165
viii Contents
8.2.3 HeterogeneousNetworkswithLow-PowerRRHswithCellIDs
DifferentfromtheMacro 165
8.2.4 HeterogeneousNetworkswithLow-PowerRRHswithCellIDsthe
SameastheMacro 166
8.3 CoMPSets 167
8.3.1 RRMMeasurementSet/CoMPResourceManagementSet 167
8.3.2 CoMPMeasurementSet 168
8.3.3 CoMPCooperatingSet 169
8.4 CoMPTransmissionin3GPP 169
8.4.1 CoordinatedScheduling/Beamforming 169
8.4.2 DynamicPointSelection 172
8.4.3 JointTransmission 177
8.5 ComparisonofDifferentCoMPCategories 180
References 182
9 DownlinkCoMP:StandardizationImpact 185
9.1 Introduction 185
9.2 ModificationofReferenceSignals 185
9.2.1 ModificationsinCSI-RS 185
9.2.2 ModificationsinDMRS 186
9.3 CSIProcesses 189
9.3.1 UEProcessingComplexityandCSIReferenceResources 191
9.3.2 InheritanceandReferenceProcesses 192
9.4 PDSCHRateMatching 193
9.5 Quasi-Co-LocationofAntennaPorts 195
9.5.1 Quasi-Co-LocationBetweentheSameAntennaPorts 197
9.5.2 Quasi-Co-LocationBetweenDifferentAntennaPorts 198
9.6 NewTransmissionModeandDCIFormat 200
9.7 BackhaulSupportforCoMP 201
9.8 Summary 203
References 203
PartIV UPCOMINGTECHNOLOGIES
10 DenseSmallCellDeployments 207
10.1 Introduction 207
10.2 EvolutionofSmallCells 207
10.2.1 DeploymentScenarios 209
10.3 EfficientOperationofSmallCells 212
10.3.1 DualConnectivity 214
10.3.2 ICICMechanism 216
10.3.3 SmallCellDiscovery 220
10.4 ControlSignalingEnhancement 223
10.4.1 Multi-SubframeScheduling 223
10.4.2 Cross-SubframeScheduling 224
Contents ix
10.5 ReferenceSignalOverheadReduction 225
10.5.1 DownlinkDMRS 225
10.5.2 UplinkDMRS 227
References 228
11 TD-LTEEnhancementsforSmallCells 231
11.1 EnhancementsforDynamicTDD 231
11.1.1 TDDUL/DLReconfigurationScenariosin3GPP 232
11.1.2 InterferenceMitigationSchemes 234
11.2 FDD-TDDJointOperation 239
11.2.1 DeploymentScenarios 240
11.2.2 IssuesandPotentialSolutions 241
References 243
12 FullDimensionMIMO 245
12.1 Introduction 245
12.2 AntennaSystemsArchitecture:PassiveandActive 245
12.3 AntennaPatterns 248
12.3.1 PassiveAntennaElementPattern 248
12.3.2 ActiveAntennaSystems 250
12.3.3 AASwithAdditionalMechanicalTilt 253
12.3.4 EffectofMultipathFadingChannels 253
12.4 FD-MIMODeploymentScenarios 254
12.4.1 UE-SpecificFD-MIMO 254
12.4.2 Cell-SpecificFD-MIMO 255
12.4.3 System-SpecificFD-MIMO 255
12.5 Conclusion 256
References 256
13 FutureTrendsinHeterogeneousNetworks 257
13.1 Summary 257
13.2 SmallCellsandCloudRAN 258
13.3 SmallCells,MillimeterWaveCommunicationsandMassiveMIMO 259
13.4 SmallCellsandBigData 260
13.5 ConcludingRemarks 260
References 260
Index 263
Description:A comprehensive summary of theoretical and practical developments in LTE Heterogeneous Networks The last decade has witnessed the proliferation of mobile broadband data and the trend is likely to increase in the coming years. Current cellular networks are ill equipped to deal with this surge in dema
