Table Of ContentPurchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Heterogeneous Combustion
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
/„ ASTRONAUTICS and AERONAUTICS
(a continuation of Progress in Astronautics and Rocketry)
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Volume 1. SOLID PROPELLANT ROCKET RESEARCH. 1960
Editor: MARTIN SUMMERFIELD .Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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Progress in ASTRONAUTICS ri AERONAUTICS
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Titles in the Series (continued)
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Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Edited by
Hans G. Wolfhard
Research and Engineering Support Division,
Institute for Defense Analyses, Washington, D. C.
Irvin Glassman
Guggenheim Laboratories for Aerospace Propulsion Sciences,
Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Sciences,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
Leon Green Jr.
Research and Technology Division,
Air Force Systems Command, Washington, D. C.
A Selection of Technical Papers
based mainly on
the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Heterogeneous Combustion Conference
held at Palm Beach, Florida
December 11-13, 1963
ACADEMIC PRESS • NEW YORK • LONDON • 1964
Purchased from American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
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THE PROPELLANTS AND COMBUSTION COMMITTEE
OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE
OF AERONAUTICS AND ASTRONAUTICS
December 1963
Stanford S Penner, Chairman
Institute for Defense Analyses, Washington, D. C.
William G. Dukek
Esso Research and Engineering Company, Linden, N. J.
John B. Fenn
Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.
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Atlantic Research Corporation, Alexandria, Va.
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Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.
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Air Force Systems Command, Washington, D. C.
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Columbia University, New York, N. Y.
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Hans G. Wolfhard
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Maurice J. Zucrow
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PREFACE
In the strictest sense heterogeneous combustion is defined as
combustion supported by heterogeneous chemical reaction. Examples
of heterogeneous reactions include a gas reacting with another gas on a
solid surface or reacting with the surface itself. In general use the
subject of heterogeneous combustion is considered in a much broader
context. If, in any aspect of the combustion process, more than .one
physical state exists, then the over-all process is considered hetero-
geneous. By this definition the burning of solid propellants which first
gasify and then react homogeneously would be a heterogeneous problem,
as would be the case of two liquid propellants reacting in the liquid
phase and having gaseous products. However, in this book the primary
concern is with certain condensed state diffusion flames which involve
the combustion of solids and liquids in gaseous atmospheres. In es-
sence, droplet burning is considered as a heterogeneous phenomenon,
even though the principal energy release may be the result of homo-
geneous gas-phase reactions. Any condensed-phase diffusion flame
meets the requirement of this definition.
Gas-phase diffusion flames, or for that matter gaseous premixed
and decomposition flames, can take on heterogeneous characteristics
as well, if they are supported by heterogeneous reactions or create a
condensed phase. The paper by Markstein which is related to metal
vapor-oxygen systems fits this classification, as do the papers which
describe diborane-oxygen combustion.
Not only do all papers in this volume fall within the general defi-
nition, but they also are related to three topics of great current interest
to the combustion and chemical propulsion fields. In fact, these topics--
combustion of metals, hybrid rockets, and condensation--bear a direct
relationship to each other.
The hybrid rocket motor is one in which both liquid and solid pro-
pellants are used. The solid component is usually a singly perforated
cylinder but can take any shape similar to unrestricted solid propellant
grains. The liquid is injected in the open port area of the grain at a
position close to the forward end or, in some cases, in a chamber vol-
ume ahead of the forward end of the grain. After ignition, the liquid
apparently is vaporized due to the heat release from the ignition phase,
and further combustion between the vapor and gasifying solid proceeds
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