Hercules and the Radical Image in the French Revolution

24 Pages·1983·2.399 MB·English

by  Lynn Hunt

Spring. 1983
PET ER BROWN
The Saim as Exemplar in L.:lte Antiquity
J) SNOW
~:J)WAR
"?..kaning" in Childre!l!'s Gam!'. .
On the Limitations of the
Iconographic Approach 10 Bruegd
I.OUtS AUKIA1\' MONTROSt:
"Shaping F:mtasics": Figurations of
Gender and Power in Elizabethan Culture
t.VNN IIUI"T
Ilercult'S and the Radical Image in the
French Revolution
t:s
JAM e LI FfOR 1)
On Ethnographic AUlhority
University of California Press
55.00
LY NN H UNT
Hercules and the Radical Image
in the French Revolution-
ALL POLlT'CAL .uthori,)" "'Iuire>. """',u. . ' fr."",·' ... ""..." ... !;to
,;",," in whkll I. d.n"" i. ..1 f OM 1"" f..-war<! it> r'.;m •. ' .\IAn)" """"'<n[3'M'
ur
i""i". in .dd','"", ,I,., ,",'<I")' mltu." I.am< n«n>aril)" " ... >en", "<t"n,,,,,"
who.h t.a. ..< r<tI "" ..., , n" .:><.«1 (-.n,.,. "",10 .. """.ibl< • kind'" soci.1 ;utd
poll,; .., m'Ppinl, lor I, gi .... Ih, m<mb< ... ". soci .. y ,hoi, "'''''''' pl.«. fr<od.
",,'i';"'" ou'hon')' "od. .. ,hr. Old Rqi"" [,I> <his soti.I."",hropol~col mo<I<I vet)"
""1<,
wd'; und.,. ,I>< """"''''hy. 'h, ..c r«l "'OJ rrpont'nl«l b)' ,I>< ki",', body. and
'h< """". .. , 1.....,..1 llu, , u'Mr"y "'. .. d«ply <mboodd«l ;" 1oog'''ao~i"5 notion.
".
(",,'ho'~ h• . ,.,.d,,,,.1 ",do<. TIo< <ul,unl I,,,,,,,, "'at so """ply <mb«l<l<d. in
'0<:1. '"'"
i, w.o """i~=d .. , .... di,iM.' .. , il...,.,.j«l no jU<lif><>,i"".nd lor tho ""'"
001""""_
pari rtt<i,«I """" Gln...- than ,he 1"11<"'«1 "",m,,"i~1 'O-.,n><l"1<lll of i, flll
,ion" <"'I)' ««"",o;a, .nd tl>< Ii,.}.
Who" ,h. fro""" II.<Y<>lution ,h"Il""S«l til< poIi,;';"1 'u,I",..")" <>f lit. Old I!c
q""",,,.,<d
~imo, it tll< ... /un: a'", ;""'tab'. ih ..." ura' 1. . "",_ R. ..b lu,;.",,,i,,. 'n_
tllu,i ..t j""lI)" rmb""..! .h. politk. 1 .i .... of Ihi, ",.Iknso, bu, 'h<), "'<to I. .. ,,,,,.in
' ''''ul ,II< ""I,uro' .id<, Wh ... would lhoi, co"lron ... 'ion k.d Ih<m! I" lime po"";
""uW"
and •• poIi,;';"1 .harr<"<d. 1""""u"",I",,, ",jlh 'h~ I"'m~ of ""li, .... ,13"_
d,orjly o.c. ..... i"cr.",i"~y 0<\11< Wh. . <","«I. i" ,i>< mid".,.. "TUggk' 'n I~,h","
• """. or<l<', "'os • "cri.i, ",.."....". .' ion.'" Wh.., ,,h"". d.p"''''' n ... 11y ........ 'n
aboli.h 'oyally .nd ..< 'CUI< th. i<l"ll, tIt<)' d"",n",«1 Ira"", of ...d i,in".1 au-
1"""""'"
,horl,y; ,II<)' .x~ ,I,. fo<tlorWj,~ of Ih. m.,.'. . fon ion and i" II>< =a,«I a
1,;~h'<J!I"~ <ocuum or ". " •. .my" In ,00, ><><ia! and poIillcol 01""'" WII ......... In.
«ft''''
n .... or soci"y, .M whu "'• • ,. ~...,"' It' SIHluld ,h ....' -.n '"' • «nl",.
,1><" ........
much)""" >a<...! "",,' Could rno<T ..1 c N .. jon b< 1.,..,«1 in onr jnal~u_
lion "" any m.""" or r<pr<><",-",I",,? Th, Fr."<h R<o.dulion w. . mot<, co"",·
qu.." j)", ,han juJI .""'h. ... ''''''pl. or bow poIi'lco is .hap«! by ..,I,u,., I. .. ,""
",,,.,ju,i,,,,,,ri .. did not ju&I ..,.10 .n. ....... ''''''. ......., "'" " au,t.ori'y. bu, ratlt., oat""
"1""""'''''';''''
'0 qu. ., "'" ,i>< "<1")' "'" or i ...l f_
Tho m,i. ur r'''''''''"'.''''n only ,0"" gtd in vad .... ' I. .h i"" .. ,It< d'I"',i. . in
'7n.
P.ri, "",f"",,«1 ,ho .. pn;oI:!l ...... or roy.lly in &",. .., 10". .. £ ... ..,..,... "IItft<i ,hal
,aO«d.
'h, .)".,1>0" " ,h. Old ~i"'" !t><I '0 to< Ihough ,I-.<", "'., ddpul< """" ho ...
,ff.",,,,,. ., ,
publi< and ..! f--<t>JUdotu 'his had ,. b<. A, lit< m«dng of lit.
Il\3u~unJ
:-..,io",,1 Con.,n,i. .. on !icJ,,,,,,,b,,.. 2'. 1)92, "''' d<pu'y .~u<d 'hat no <>if",i.1
"
Fig. I. Seal 0{ ,h. Republic, 1792, Servi«: ph<>-
'OfIraphique des Armi.'1CS Na.ionalICS.
d.d~r ..i on of ,he aboli,ion 0{ royahy wlS n~ry: "I .hink nei,her of .he king nor
of 'oy~hy; ] conttrn myself ",,'irely with m~ mission [10 .., abli.h a M'W g~mm'!
wi.hou' 'hinkill8 .hat tu~h an insti,u,ion [all royalty! <ould ~vn- lulU<! a,'.uJ."·
'0
Thu ", was no IIftd officially d«la,-" ,he abolition of royally beau .. 'he rcali,)' of
'he ,nl1i'ulion wu al,-"ady in 'he 1'"-'" In <oun, ... ing ,hi • • 'gum. .... , 'M deputy
Cr~ire expressed a nearly unanimou. opinion; 'M in>1i""ioru of ,he Old Rtgim.
or
migh' be gone. bu, 'he 'angible ,emindc ... 'hem had '0 be 'OOI~ Ou' of popular
consciou,n ...:
Ctrtalnly, none of u' ",ill """~ 10 _"'" 'he <k...uy.." or kl"l' In F .. ...., ." bu.
we! mu" fully ~".u~,"" frlmd. of 'i!)my; i. i, ..... ... ,. '0 <kI'",!, ,hi. _ 'kinS: wMet.
i. "ill • ,.11""." ",how: ""'&iral f...,. nn .."". '0 >1up:fy many....,... 1 d<m.r.d 'h. ... r. ... ,h.,
oJ
by a ooIcmn I.", r<>" ron ......... Ih. Q/)"Jjlion "",,/1,.. .
After a .pontaneout <kmomtration in ,uppon 0{ Grtgoire'. proposal. the Conven_
don went on to apl""<"'" a new ..a l for i.s r ...... ds: replacing ,he king as .he insignia
01 ,h. official seal of S'at. wu ". woman laninl with 0". hand on a fUCtS, holding
in Ih. other hand • la.,.,. lOpped by a libtr,y cap. ",i.h .he Itgend A,chi"", of Ihe
French Repllb/;'::" Soon afterward, 'hil ,al (ligure I) 1M:caln<' ,h . ....1 for all
branch"" of public administra.ion. and .he Conv .... 'ion ordcr~ Ihal all public ICls be
hcnmor,h da,~ Vear 1 of Ih. Fr .... (h Rqlublic. Two "'('tks lal ..., 'he dcpu.its de_
"'~ .h• ••h , "AI, '" "'I',lty, 'ho taf'I. .. ,.ntI .he ...--A• •1 l be _ ... into p;.c.. .
• ranopo<V<l .0 , ... min., .tId ...... , ... _III. .. " ,q. ../ ol""n roo .... 11M: rn,","p 01, ...
old cW, .. n>J 1. ....... 1»<1 ....... ,n,.",. . ,,",, '""" ,I>< """.,.i.1 lot ........ <>ne.
,ha.
11M: lnillal tI<b_a'te h.b,o "" 'he .boIl ...... 01 "",.I.y bard, ~It.j • ,......,.,
wl>.O ,,_ I" the aM r .... ,'''', lullowt-d. 0....: """\'1 .not ,II .,....boIs had
w,' '" .....
-.. .b<o\l.h<d. ,,'hI, heI. p~1 Should. oi", ... III""'. .. be , .., "ry
10 rq><.bIl<an ~I~ I". ,epot. " ...... '0.1>< c......dI 01 ...... 11 .. _.......,
dqtu',
,han thr"" rear> of, .. ,I>< ill~;"1 dlOCU .............1 . . ,he .." ", G~.., ~
In....,) '''' ........ .,. q ...... ioB~ ,b,,, bod t-n~, HI. II " e "ry ,"""' lh<n: be •
... 01 '" tIw R.p..tr.l ... ~ 10 ,II< 1:q:'M'OSo ...1 . . 'Ioq- ,<II .... wn.: .... " ""IoL-,.~ .0
"""prru.o"
lot .11< I,..,.... ........ "'~ ift>p<tf..-rion 01 .......... .., G, ........ ..,. _
.booI.,
mot< m;. "","lion ....... Ioe .. _ ......" "d ,0 to:f. ... it .......I or ."""",,, h"
,ha. ,hi. fIIl-.., ........... ""'"
'p"'.UId""Y. 1796) Inoll<ao .. InIlunu,.I cIwins
.1>< ptondlll' .....,.,.. ~ III ,II< R<vnIlM ..... ,toe "".iet ._. ... , ... T<rTW
(..........,. 17')~ ............. '''.). Thtk wao ., ...... one .... ~<T wbo uplicioly ck-
"""""p;-
_ ••• ....-If;ea,_ 0I.......J ptfDri. .... dori ... ,I><T<rrOO"' -0..
_,0< ........
.... 1p tinci. .... oJ ~ _till c-tillor _Id Ia,. _ ,. ............ _1<1
be """'"......,. '0 _ ;" .....' U< only ,,_ .0<1 in a .. i"'"8< only conv. ...n d roIon. ..
11.,'_ ........' u ......b e l""lI<\;o,ioou 01 ,toe ....... "'Ii ..... ...- "" "'". ..." ~;.,,
w, .. ... or
0\I,m.", d''"u'',I 'w'' r.i.' '''II.not <I< ... ."...h ....... ,My t1III'n~ ,10, ........
ac.., .. '"
,Il .... n. " i.h prin'.not publ;'- clio< ......... n"d,cI no irons.
Thi, ••" ..... 1. ......' ioa ,.11 '" Ian ... ,1, ,aItm, anot G",SO, ... ·. ...-
1'. ........
IW ... ..I 17% -. m. ..h ....... ""'"'"", 11< ..8 ....1 ,I ... , .11 ,MI. .« I p«>pk 10WId
,ha,
"a sip .• 'Y[1l". w" """",'y '0 ,I. .. " ,",,~'od'" d "u,hen"';,y" '0 oil publ",
act._ or. ,. . w"
M",..,...-, he ",. ." I~u«l, ,II< " .. I 01 II.,. f" .. n~«I on '~""", lor •
pot"".""' .•
..a l WaJ....,'" ,.sil'1y ''r''e <..o.p oi'«I ,hon • ,I_no, .. rr, _ nd more dilli·
,.,1=
{ull '0 ..,.n. ., I,i• . 1. in (IOh .. ... otdo. ",0.10 "U'''''';'r puhlic ,n.n 'ndi.
'M" "
",du"I, " rep,...,n'ed -..,hlns much more S< .... I mO"', "1""'UI'< .... '"
rould. TTU<, G,,,,,,. .. admj".d. "d. ..l d,,,,,1,,... hl,,"SIYI*'o 0/ ".. .I dry.u ""'" for
WI ".It' .;Hotk. I ""'100101 ..... The ... 1 of A ..,,"~Ik _Id ""' ... IUp<T.i,KIU. and
"'''<'ITa<'\'
oLoru .. like .1 .. I. ..I IAia d .nd •. ,.,..1" . /lu' ,hlo did"", m.,n tllat I)"m_
001. "",Id .. ,hrown "'" """ple,el,.
w. ...... .- ................. ,.... ........., _.
I< It _,., 10 """b1It-..ou. .-..rytIohOS_ "1M
q;oboor ~·hoip"w_ .".1 tI1ot l_..." .....-<oI_ ..".' ..... ;i I"I loll ..... , ........., ... ""'"101 _ 1to .....1 '"
'''"1 """"_ f. . ab,.... 0( , ............. far .".u.o"ll ..-puI>I1<.o .. ____ , .... _, ..
peKtn. ...... , .... ~ f,. ." .t it• ..,....., .... ,h,, __. •h H
,,,",,,,,,,,, 01 pti."pIct.. 01 f."~ 01 < n' ... horlo "'''_ _ "~'-' «0" lot ,ho 6,-. ...
I t
"p" .... 10" d"' ............I oa_ I. ....... ,n ........, 01 ......... , .......... bIi<.o. moW
"'hirlo .... a 11_ • .., .,...r " .., _ 0001 , ... __ of. f. .......1 1'
G~", 011"..-..1 ...... his _n in"'l'''''''ioa oICond.'lloo<·'~; roo- ilim. , ...
.....~ .., .a.9n"d' *,I.> < aymbol . ..h en _""'. ... <I_a. _1<1 ......., ,It< __ of poi,,01
by wV_ II_ hoIcI 01,10< .......~ ..... """'"'to< .... ,be _ . 1M ",.1.
I~,n, w .. "'" ""Iy • ,.~""'''",I"", 01 I,ul~;'; aUIh<>tiIY t.u, aoo .n i""",""",,,, ol
ed"<~"OII, .n cI<m<fI' in ",", ,q,.bl'",n mol~,"
y" .... en G,<e;.,;",', ,pi';lcd <I<[e ... ol. , ..I W,," "'" W;'''''ul''' unce' ...n '; ....
AI'~ most depu,; .. "",Id "IV«: ,~~. oome kind ol .ymbol W", nr«!'>iOCY, ,00 "'"
;".,.,mp",;bk wi,h detnO<T""I', 'hey W<1" "'" quirk '0 "8,ee on w],., i' ....... Id 0<_
'cpor' bc<;.."
GTip,c 5'" hi. ""'~ i" 1796 no ...f ini'i .... """I h.d '<Y"- h<rn , ..c d.
Th. <I<ri.ion in !><pt<mbcr 1792 h>ll h<rn ~I..- ha"""""~, ."d .~ ....1 I""''''''''
w., (i,e.
d"i~ ,n;'ially for ,he Conven,;""', "<,<hi.'''' In 17%, ., ,IN- I.,.,. of
s";,e', 'pcedl, ,I>< xnl wos "ill in limbo. D<spi'c G'<I<>i,e'. cfforts, i, ... "",inn! '"
d. ..d ,,,,,, t'o"aJ>Ol_.
u",il ol
V", il ,h<1'e was "" p<rman<n' I<~I ol ,I>< r<pUolic, ,hi. wn, _ rot' w.n. ol
mil<
"l'ing. TI>< ... 1 b«arn< on wh~ ,I>< d<pUt;';' NW 'hemxh'''' ,urn'fIlI ,n
.,"'''' n,w di,«1iOtt. 1Rba.~ "'&I most in'on«" thr« d,,,i,,,, mom<n" of 'h~ R<Y<>-
f,,,,, ....
lution: when the wa. bliih.,] in Scpt<mlx-f 1792. duri"5 'he Terror
rcpul~;';
(,h. ruk 01 the nodical.) •• nd j .... . ft" 'he in.lul!"rntioo of a new. "..,... m«<kT. ..
..,.1>
1C!! •. !.'i. . 'y"em in 10 .. 179S .nd ~.,Iy 17<16. The a.m,. . 00 <on I>< ",. d in
w'Y"'" """""
'wn ol politl",1 oonm. . ~ ,i>< mcanin~ of ,I>< r<]>Ublic and u."
"'I""i.lly dr>m.ob< .,en. 1111" "'",,,;n8 0111 'he role of "'fH"COC"'a'ion more S"""'olly
n.- '"[>«1'''''''''''
'wn 0< "e. . ly .." ". ... ted.,;un .. ]>OI;,k,1 . u.horJ,y <Anno< be
oq"'. .. ,«1 from ill ""I,u.-.I lrame, il<p«oon'.'''''', .... h<ther ]>OIi.",.1 or {'\II,,, .. I•
... h .. • of dep.,,;.,. J>OIicio or • • ntl .ymbo]., woo .Iw.y• • ••
~cr q~"'n ~n<I .i~
I. .., 'mplkilly, a poIitic.1 ,m"" \\In.. 1<>II~w. !><n, ,I><n, i, .n >CfiI\In' of ""'" .h'K
t .... . '1. ..... of ,h. <1'i'" ol rep.-mat"'" wcr. inIC",,,·ir>ed.
Q
In September 1792, ",I>cn roy.lly "'U .boli.~ ...n d ,h. fCl,ublic rirch,cd, ,h.
or new .u,,,,,,,,,i<.
d"';,. . A '"';8ni. >«m<d ,I"""" The ",chi.i" I"opooeti tho ,hoi""
of L'!>n1y, . nd non< or Ihe .«nun" of "'" dioeu",,", "",n,ion any COIl""","y .bout
'f!'" r...-
,h. <OOocn tl>< n.w .., I, I" hi> ..u oly of the "Iani",ne <ide AIi<s"'1"'"
~I.u,;"" A!\ulloooo <>If. ... ~ ..I "".""'. fOO' thi> "'Mu.liy ,<lxxi,'< iden'ifi",,"on' In
i«<""gnphi< tr.di,ion, ~t qual. I. ... "nd in f"',,;<ul..- lit< differ.." I"iociplcs of
Ir"'.mm",,'. ,,"en """,.rehy, .... "'. "'p'<Ocn,«I"f rem.l. fI8u~, ,he I'h,y~." bon·
n" or hlxny cop nl '"' ~odd"" ~ ...H !cd • 1"""{'\Il>.tlr d"",. ron". .. "'i'h ,I><
.h.a,
crown ol "r. ..1 ou,hori.y (.nO '"' 1<m.I, fiIlu« ..; nl......."j '''n''''''')' o.,oo/i·
ei.m mod. Ihe F""",h mort: r«<p<i',,~ a ~h,i." ~~Q'" (.ho: ..,br;qu<' M.ri.nn<
""""'10
w>o =,.inly "",,""'kally d.,.. 'n Macy, lMII><, of Jc,",,); ,oo tl>< Republk
"",,]d not! ,n ti>< l<min",. aJl<gocy. fi~u,. ",i. .b ly di".", I,,,,,, ,IK- ,. .1 iii. ~cr"",·
,um«l·,',lli.M of ,h. "''''''ulionory flI"«'SO. IVh",c ).Ii .. "".", (.of.yetl ••• nd ""ny
"'hen hotl di ..p po;"'ctI ,hei, loIko ...... and ]>UO<d lrom.I>< hi".,.;",,1 """", M ..-
i.nne enOu,"] th.nk. '0 h<r .h1I,O<1ion uri Impc,. .....l i.y,··
"&uH,,," ILu , ..< Cd, in .ddi,'on, ,h. ]>OIltkAi impli",'i.,." of diffe",n' w.yo ol
,.ep'''''n';n~ Morian"", TItc oeal of 1792 >h<:owctl h<r ".ndi",. )'OIIng,.nd d«..-,
min.,], t"-g/t not .xa<1ly 'U,"";vc. SIt< held .1« I"""" of l"'I'ub, .<VOIu''''''.
rapped by ,he I'h'y~;an bon"", ofl''''''"'',ion. Th" f,~u ..' i,," w., ,n Irony w.y,.n
;a""..!• •" ...... _II"!! lh< ONddlt bn ..· ,- '10< a ..... ,_I poot> '" \.ibcrt,-
marrlol .... ~toro..c<I ,nd ~CI"O< 01 ..;.;.g.: ...b i<to "'on ."" oa, I. L7 'J}• •, id lh<
"""" """"'"atl• • poot> F. ....< 01 by ... ,. ........_ .1. , .... 17'1000 and on the.w.._
,orn,h «mury ,n ..1 oich Ijbo:ro, 'I~ *'~,"". ouojjoj. "'. ..q u~ ...... 01, ... ... ,,,,,,,",
n.. """"'- .... -.. '''''n·. .....
10_ .... Ii",", <:>1''' bnworn ~ and bbon,
"su'" ... ",,1<1 boo ~ ~pin m 1&411 ..... . F, ... 1811 .............." "blo< .....
"'.<i. imed oncr ...... ,.
Af,.,.
vnen';""" '" """'''''. .., .-.- ,Ii< ,..,..I>Ii<- . nd .. .................. iii
OWl"
tin.:
rmbkm. Morion .... ,Ii< r. ...i ni ... . 1,,*,...,. ......... Mly M<tJ>Ird bIo, will<ly
d.lfu""" in I""r>«'. nu' dutinS Ih. 1I.,,·oIut .... I..,. (u'u'" W1I' ''y "" "",.nti ~u ... ".
,oed" '0
Th. H,,, ,~, ••, Mori,,,,,,, co"", r. ... ., wi,hi .. ,h. rank." "'public. ... who
in 17~3 and 1794 ,"ul¢" ~ I. .. n'IOIIcnt< i ....... for ,h.i, h. .n ••i "AI, radlcol ".
public. In Oorobt, 17~) .• r'er , .... arreoo 01 , .... (]i,Oft~'n ,;,.pu,'" (who oppoo«l .Ii<
,hci,
1"'",ln! power of ,lit p""" diotri". ...~ ",dnl J_~n Iudmo) and in ,he
m,do< '" d<1.pmo" tlron. to.«aIl ,Ii< ltrp.Il>lk i •• ..-., .od;'-ol mold. the c'. , ..... , •
•; .." do;r,..,«d ,"M""• '•uI I'_<. .-.I.nd ,II< ""'''''." ,II< Rq>ublic: ohou_loIll"lc,n <d, ... h DI"t}" ,he
uk'" ,It<' ,nd ,II< r. ..... oo ,11m Ulotl, .... 11>< new .... ~I ...
","up,," ....1 ttl ...., .., ..in," ...., .d tit< ....... milo ........ populo, '"I~ __
""no.
lVitl. . " , _'h. ""' ........ 'M C-......i con dtaftvd lUI mind In ... 0-1, Ntrvo:oo>.
botr IN}. ,Joe """"P"'Y Dovid ,"'i d ihM .... CcOifai,~. ,;"'...-.Ior ,bo: <TUi;'" ."
eo....,.";.,,._
• ""0'''"1 ..., ... iO • ..,.. ...., ih< Frndr. poopIe. T ... I. .... ,he
'0
rI>;Ok< ,t>< ••, ... ,II< out.;.<o 01 iIoe ...1 0/ . ao .... Tb. ... 'M .""" IIod -.. •
r;i ..... lI.rtulei os ,hor rntbl<m'" ,he .ao:IKol llq>uI>Iic.
AI'''''''lb. ,. "'Y kDO .. lrdV. "" offiori.aI ....1 bcorin_ H ...u lei ......., ....... ,be
eo.. ..
in ...., .,., '" ,h. n'i<tn ..... ",affi,med Oft a' k .... ''''0 I;Iih .. ".....iono, in Fdxu·
or, 1794 'M "Ipin in April 1794." Mor_c.-. ,h ••\ lu'" ('. .. n ...1 cI in l'ari> t.os
,k<<<"'" ,h.
....., «.1 by ,offi<i.1 ,nS"""'- ""I'" ",hi,h ",."h ,to._ , ",J,lin. . bid
""""''''ioro
down by 'he for .h. ""'" ""I (Ii!;u •• 2)." TI", I). . i~ I",~ U."ula in
mind. .. 'he "",,1<1 (or ,he .... ""..,1 i. ""II< <I. ....... h loy .h. . ~~""r oF O-u.
fisu ..
"",', ,k. ..h _ ,h .. ""'d. '''' ~ili; ..... i,< ""b.nd hi,). ....k ,n I;" ju. . """'"
",""'"
him_ and. by Do.MI·, ~ ...I ''''': ''Qu< "",. i ...... du peuploe "'I>o~' d.,.n •
,."iI;ok _
... • u' .......... ""It ........... lei a""""" &mil ...' Ieo,o .. Ilonukl"" A
"'". .. "'"kK". ....1 < Iip« now tho-.rf<ol M "i>n. ....
The poIi' ..... ol ......a i'" 0/ ,k. 1I<n:ul<o, ~ i. ~I<d _ <I<1rIy by ....
<inu,. ...." "" 01 It. ......~ "' __ "Tho: fin.o ....j or public: .... ." .... fipn: .,..,.. _
"'. .... 10. 17'9} ••, ,~ .iI ._• • r. ..i . .l plaunp""i"" ''lo''r 11o\1d." "'~ho<rt!I< ,he
f .. i. .1 woo htlol Oft .he fino """ivo>;ory ." ,II< ,h.oo "'-h, down ,he:
..-..rrlty. i, .......... ;,;,.,. otomr;n«l '" ,."""'. . ,he 01<1. ., 01 l"""'li ..... ,he: uvoI,
'" ,h ....m ...... ." 179) '" Uppori ." ,he Orral<ol dcpu<;" known as ,/00: Gm.ndim,
_n',
A, ,I", eri'nl D;. .i d o<riK:oo,. .< oI a l ... i ..1 whi<to .inltd ., _hi"lll I. ...
,hon a min.' '" ,Ilt ReYoIu<;on'. ,I<:.dop"""" I, ...... """"II., r!.oy ... i'h ..... of
"rikinA• • 11."",icol _-. ~·ou, ·· ... ,ion ... "". ..." " ,h. n ..j or ,y,."jn~.po,"" in
DuJri.
fig. 2. by Ihe en,",va Mwee Car-
Slr.~ch
Pari. (photo: au!hor).
navat~,
1he in pnparalion rOt 1he liruol ' ('(>'lOny of of1he new
~1"1ion O)fI~,ion
conl1i'u,ion: a lig""" of Nalure u1 on 1he .h. of 1M fall of 1he Bulme; an arch of
1riumph was dediaued 10 1h. heroinel of Oaobcr 1189; a Jlat"" of L.ibcny mnnori_
alized Ihe uccution of the king in January 1193; and finally, a col."."". repr ...... ,ing
the f,..,nrn people (fiSU"" 3) used itt dub to .m.:uh ,h. hydra of federali"". The
figu,.., in the fm ival was not rererred 10 officially a. Hereul,"", bu1 'he i<:onograplly
did not nap" educated participanu. One or 1he bat known Herculun "labon"
WI. Ihelr.illin, of ,he Hydra, which had been emblema,i. ,he centuri"" of vari_
~
ou' 1IOl1. o.fn e"vi• l., ..,f.r om oophilm to v"", rrom i!'loran"" to the ruol;on', rnemy in
wlr," An who v;.ited the .i,e earlier on 'he day of 1he fellival referred '0
"Ia figure mloual. d'l1creul. , haute de "lngl-qual. . pled.. .,. Hel't'Ulc IVoi, Ie
~
pose
pied ga"ehe 'u. la gorge de la 0)fI,,..,-ri-¥olu1;on,"'·
The pl.""rnent of Hcl't'Ulero relaoi ... e to Libtny ;, particularly ..l evan" Th.
11alu. of Libcny a rne jUlt btfote Hcl't'Ulel in 1h. ""I. bratory pro«:Pion. By im_
f ig. 3. ''The fronch Prople
Overwhelming ,he
of
Hydr~ fedn-~Iism,
MuRc Carnavale" hril
(phoco: au,hor).
plka,ion wa. imporu.n, bu' rcprnm'"i.., only of one momonl, a
Li~ny p~niaJlar
momon' now pused. AI .he ",'ue of Libn-.y, deltpl" from the depanmoncs PUt
Ihe ,orch.o .he hatd'ul.ymboll of monall'hy and ,h ... rem.coed .M ri.ual ...c rifice
oI.he monarch '0 'he s<><\dea of 'he ~public. At .M nu, IIIDp, thcrt- "" noohing
for 'he delega, .. 10 do: Hn-cul ..., 1w: french people ," "lhe only actor. He p,lw:rcd
Ihe fal('Q, Iymbol of uni.y, in one hand, while he n-u.h<>d 'he mo~.cr of fedn-aJiun
(half.woman, half.ltl"ptn. IDt'OTding 10 ohJcrv ....) . . wi,h the club in hil ocher hand.
The poli'ical munins of 'he Pl"Oflrcs1;on was evident: , .... r'l"'tICI'I ..... iv" of the pe0-
ple calabti,ked libcrlY wlltn .hey puni,l>ed Loui. XVI for his crime., and 'hm .he
people .he,....,I". . 'he againll .he mo ....c r of diluni,y and flc.
pr1)l~ed ~public
,ion.li,m. '·lel"OUla did not nud .he help of Iht; deputies, ohough he planted himoclf
firmly on 'h~ moun,.in. "'hich ..0 001. how. ... i". ... ly. f~ 'M ri&h,,,,,,,. "'P"''''
", .. hin 'he (;on.,n'''''' (,,,,'"dinS. 01 ""'. .... D ••i d). '1),< R<publi, and;" """"';''''
ti. ... ""-"d nO< bot ",I<ly "".hri",d ., 'he I. ....." ",,_,h< R<:w>1 .. ,;.,.. wuld "'" bot
fully «.]i<':d_ w"hou, 'hi' 'n". ...' . ..h "" by '''' 1""'1'1<. In ,,,,npori_ to 1.i!.<ny •
•h ,,,. 1It:m>'" ,h.
"P~'<d" high« .....~ . in ,h. devclol'''''''' or )«,01",1""."",
m.,..".ri,«I b)' ,h. f""" >MI "ni,y 01 ,h. _I., ","h<r ,h." by ,h. 1.:IY<"Y <>f i"
"'1"'''''"1>0;",,,.
Wh.n D"'d f"'<'I""<'I ,I.< <nd,OO of ,,,. rol"",,] ..... 'u, <I"". """'th, .f",. ,he
'i.,
1. .. ,. . 1. 'ho poI"i<>J <'''''m. ... n<'''' " .... diff.",",. Tbt (<de .. <ri.;, Iud pa~,
u""
b", now I. . h.od .ri. .n '" 11k. itO plo"". A, ,he beginning <>I .<;q>!<mbtr, 'h< Coo_
"'''''''0.;.,.1 "-g"""
~h"n. by 'ngt)" and hungry 'dm.",,/otl"" h.d <>I!\o1.lIy to
",.k< ,....,. ",he ",.d ... 01 'he tI1y" " geneo-.ll ",.~im,,'" on pr;'e. w>o d.cl"td. and
"""""ion.
by ,h. ~ol,"inn • ..,. T .. ibu",,1 in Pan, .<r<lcr.'.,!. 0. O<tot.o:.- 16 'k<
N,,..-,,,,,,,,,,,.
q"«" ......' I""I"i""". Th<n in ,I.. .-, divi"" i"ue 0I.1i !Io',h..-<d
fi",
II .." ,: d,_Ch6"i""i ..., ,,,",, UurinJ ,he: ~l"'e ...., ion a, w"i,h 1),,01 ""'de hi,
po-",.,..I IN,,''-'''''hc:r 7, 1793). "",...-.1 flrie>" .nd hi.1wpo. ,,,,'ong 'he <kl""'" pub.
1;""lIr abjor«l 'hcir rl<ric.1 olli«:>; lit< ....... ""'. .... ".'hr h";,.,OT WO, G,~«."
"'Y' Con,""'"'"
Th,«" . 10<, D.vid', 1""""",,1 .nn ;w,. "'<'Ok brl"", ,Ile: dmdal '0
'''<
w.,
m ••, lhe: roI""u, 'h< ",~j«1 01 'h< ...1 , "",0'-;"''' ~""i,·.1 of R<."", hdrl in
R<.o_ ."
Nii're·D.me C",.<drnl, ""'" ~ublxd 'he Trnlpl< 01
tI,,,,,,I,,,, I""'" .... Df ....h ,"on"y of"r. "'""" TIle: ...... ' ",dicol d,,,"'i" .tld
,btU- (oll"w< ...... 0\1«1 ""'''in~ I. .. ,",," A t><w "ul,"",1 [ram< ,h., ...... Id "pud;'"
"",<=1m". "'ha J"""'n
.11 Chri"i." ~pi<Tr', n.,;d, a"d 'he I<-.d..--. h>d '0
., 0'""" r"p""d '0 ,hi, drmol\d lond ,he: d..".n'" for. TOTror) "nd 'f)' '0 ~<I ~'''''''
p'"
""",,01 of. """'.""'"' ",hich , ......" «1 '0 '<r"'l. . ,h. 1,'8' 01. """"1,,10,,
w"
,h. . ",II 1. ...., ,,11 C.,holi< . nd .... ry 01"'" ""'" ord. .. Tho., r",,,, ,h. bt:~n.
"'»0""'''' ..
"ing, ll.,·id'. fl,,,-..I .. h.d '" dO",1 •• pirauoru ... hil<.t "'" sam< ,im<
'''''m,
<'Ufbi"ll
D ..i d', 1",li,,,,,,1 inten,,,,,,,, ...... ~id"", in 'M (""mal ,pe«h •• flY< 00
,"<
"""""i;><r 17, 179~, 'h' d. y 'k< Co., .." ,,,,,, ""'N ""OOpo hi, ... o. ,he: pro
"""""tI .. ", '"
,()If I'" 01 ,h, .... 1. The " ."" .... '" b •• ,It< "81or~ 01 th. F'<n,h
_l.,".nd • ,em"""',,,,,, of 'he I"""~'" ",umph 0,.,. d<>po<i.m >MI ,ul"',,'i.
'yro"or
'ion, Th. "doubl< 01 ki"~, and PT ...., .. w",,1d k< ,,,.,,"""" .ymbolk.Uy in
,he: """lfUdion of th. ""0", bo"" "'hi," wOllld bt: m.de"1' of ,be dtbr. . f,OUl ,he:
'l"'." 01 kinl!' knork<d o-/f ,he: I"'''i<oo 01 N",,,-n .,,,,,. Th,.. w, ..1 d ,,,. Colo,· ...•
r"',,", .nd.-.
,ion, wi,h Ito "",. .~ . Ilbo<rolfi«." r"" ,he: 1"",'m', ,h. ,he f"--"
,h. "_'"e
from "sh.m. 01. 10"8 ....-i.ud• ." " The would f<!" ........ , 'he pow" of ,ho
p<OpI< in ,h• ..- li,,,.1 pos.ible r.,hion, a' [orty ..; ' 1m in k<;~h', H.",ul. . wwo"u""ld"
ownh.do. .. m.mori. . 01"..., 'h, """" popu1 .. kin"", ....h .. 11""'1' IV.
''''''I!'' ".t"".
m.,,]y lif. ..i .. he: would '<pI..., on 'he P<:>",·N",J, Bu' bc:h;1\d ,he:
w.,.. eon.",,;.,..,
"""lv.,i"8 iI, o..id .nd ,he:
TI>< <I-.oi« 01 'hc si.n, H ...< uks at on« cmbodi«l .nd .. r.in'" ,~ "._.nd .1><
.mbi~~;'i<1l in .1>< r.d;"" .. i. ... of T<prtoe<lL"ioo_ U ...i d ""pilci" y ""'pM.i,"" ,I><
"""""i'ion ""'. .. «n I>«~'I< . nd """""""y; H=ul. . "'• • <"""'n, aI, .. all, '0 m.k.
,hi, ""I""'i'ion mor. "";d""" Hu. J}. ..i d', .p«<h, ono! ,I>< i~ ;, ..I f, ;mplicilly
c..n ..
«f<Tr«l a. w<il '0 ''''' ,,"c"y '''''''''' ""'W,,,," , ..... _k.oo u. . n,""', '''''
",pr<>CH'n';'''''
FKW ""'<Tago.nd ilO Wh.n , ..... y <boO< 11. ...... 1. . 1M ,I.< ...1 of ,I. .
,he_.' ..
Rq",bli<. 'hc ""'i".I, com",ille<! 10 , ..... vic ... ,h.t ...... '. our, of I<j>I'<",.t._
"on ... ., n«'aJ."T In 1I ••n ol. . ""'1 """&hI 'h< """" .. ' .... rupar<n' .. 1<1"'""'""""
I,o,,,ibk •• kind of dimini>hin8 I"'i., or .....,.--... .." "', Th<y .... nt«l on im.~ ,h.t
""''''y m.-oP'f
w~ .. ld 'hc ..,."",igo 01 ,h. _,. .." i,«I, .,,,. "'. ...." " ron ..; ,. .... M
ob.iou, ref«" """ 10 'h< d<'I~"i .. or.n ,h. Co",'.n,""', \'" <Wn ,hi. poMl-<lOW"
«pr. ..n ..t ion w •• oorutan'iy ... bv<T1cd hy I" n •• u'" .. "n '""8'_ l< ......n i"",s<
reprrom. .u "" o! 'hc propl. p"",id...t by ,I>< f"'OI"<" ... ,.--.,• • 'i. .... and . , ,um it
inh ... cntly ;"<iu<ird th. repr",.n,.,;v",,· ;nl<'1"""";"" of ,he pt<>pk. 1'hi. in'plici'
'n'''!=Ii,'' .1e.I<n, ,m.orr><d '0 «_.bli,h in ",," .. r~' f..-rn ,I>< ,-try ... I""",hip
of poli'ical .uthori,y (.",hor;.y ",,"i1k II>< _Ie) ,"", ,I>< .,di. .I , wer. p",",;"ing
'0 . bol"h, Thu. ....... a. II>< im.ge pro<l.;mod ,I>< ""pr<rna..,. of ,h. ~., il «
"«
in,"""",.-.:I ,, ... '''p''riorj,y ol prork'. rcprCKn,"';va,
c..n, ....
When 'p<.kins '0 II>< ,;on, D.vid "",~, '0 "nd«li ...h . <implici., ol
hi, «>nrcp","" "\'0'" eon""i,,« [01" hblic I. ..' ruc<ion. for whi,h DAvid .pokel be-.
li ..c d ,h• • , in 'he pmpo>«l. monumcnl, "'''"y'''i,,!!. both tb. m .....; .I• ."d the f",m ••
nugh. ", "pr<'SI in 0 "",.i,i ... . nd r.,.".jLtJ ""'1U1t" ,b. ""'1 mrmori. . of our rco.'o
.",on.:. ,...
I""on," The >t"'u' i,,,,lf "'o~ld Oc m. do 0 .. ' of broo. . f .. rni.hed by 'he
,I>< """"h ",,,,i<l, "'nd, ".in« i, i, 0 kind of na,;.,.,.l ",. ..e n",;"", 1, oooltl R<II Oc
f..-,..
'00 Oc.,,'if,,'." 1M <normom ,i« of ,I>< ~~urc would ;ml"_' "do,o"", ... 01
.nd ,;mpl;<ily:~' 'h< .-j.,ua of .1>< p<opi<, In on< of hi' "",n. . """, ... 1 hando. ,h.
rol"" UJ (now 00 "'IWT .cf=«l '" ",~",i'ly ~, fl ....; ul .. by D •• ld) would hold
lilli, ~gu":. 0/ both E-qu.li'y and I.;""'y. prc:socd <'- logeth<r, whkh ohowttl. 0'
,-i" ...
D .. id ri.i..-.cd. ,"", 'hq <i<)><nd ... <n,;",I, lin ,100: lI<"i", .nd ul U. . _,.,
In .h< prco<nt of 17~)_~. 'ho- ~"n' "",I< ~!lnrc iud I"""" • ...,n• ...-... 'I'h<
di ...l nl. [<minin, "'. .' " 01 L;lxny 'ep. ....n lCd > mod ..... ,. '''publ;< IH>W «,!,udio,«I.
Th< new r.di",,1 republic h. d r>O n<:cd of .1>< "ito",,",, 1"''-1> #. , .. ,O''' wt.""
Roo..pi<rr< d""",n-mI ., .he "", ....I rn<mia of ,10< R<"OI",i"", ,I>< R<><>1,,'i .... ,..d
br""~h' lonh n """. h<roic m.n of my.hk pr""..-,;"n"
"1'1" f''''''<fi I""'P<"""" "' ......." • ...-d ,,"0.100,,, .. .-.1 r<-''' "'~ ,ho-.-.:" .J h"m,nklnd;
one "",,,,,0. b. ..m po"! ..., n '" ",!!ud ;., from wi,hin il> m;"", .. . diff' ..... op«i<>. [ ""'I"
k""'" '.-1. . , ,n. <h ...., w, <~ ,10< ,,"'0" """ '" ,",o;"hi"" ., 1:""". . 'an"", """",,0<''''
.... wuld II .. wi"""', ~I~, wi ..... ' nob"" ..... W<, 'M' """ "",Id I;,~ ".th ,hem, Europ<
.,,11, i" ".."..t '" ,.; .., 'M ,h.i", oj" hu. ... ,,''' • .-.I .., ""II "","'~ bte>k ,1>< .."