Herbal Supplements: Efficacy, Toxicity, Interactions with Western Drugs, and Effects on Clinical Laboratory Tests

635 Pages·2011·5.12 MB·English

by  Amitava Dasgupta

Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title page
Copyright page
DEDICATION
PREFACE
CONTRIBUTORS
Part I: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEMENTARY AND
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE
1.1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPLEMENTARY AND
ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM)
1.2 WHAT IS COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE
MEDICINE?
1.3 DEMOGRAPHICS OF CAM
1.4 THE REASONS FOR USING CAM
1.5 GROWTH OF CAM AND HERBAL USE
1.6 REGULATION OF HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS IN
THE UNITED STATES
1.7 REGULATIONS OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES
1.8 RESOURCES
1.9 CONCLUSIONS
2 RELATIVELY SAFE HERBAL REMEDIES
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 CRANBERRY
2.3 ECHINACEA
2.4 FENUGREEK
2.5 FEVERFEW
2.6 GARLIC
2.7 GINGER
2.8 GINKGO BILOBA
2.9 GINSENG
2.10 HAWTHORN
2.11 MILK THISTLE
2.12 SAW PALMETTO
2.13 SOY
2.14 ST. JOHN’S WORT
2.15 TURMERIC
2.16 VALERIAN
2.17 CONCLUSIONS
3 RISK OF TOXICITY ASSOCIATED WITH UNREGULATED
HERBAL PRODUCTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 EPHEDRA ALKALOIDS MA HUANG (EPHEDRA
SINICA) AND BALA (SIDA CORDIFOLIA)
3.3 ST. JOHN’S WORT (SJW) (HYPERICUM)
3.4 YOHIMBINE FROM PAUSINYSTALIA YOHIMBE
(BARK EXTRACT)
3.5 KAVALACTONES AND KAVA PYRONES FROM
PIPER METHYSTICUM (KAVA)
3.6 PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS (PAs) FROM
SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE (COMFREY)
3.7 ARISTOLOCHIC ACID (AA) FROM ARISTOLOCHIA
FANGCHI
3.8 CONCLUSIONS
Part II: EFFECTS OF HERBAL REMEDIES ON
SPECIFIC ORGAN SYSTEMS
4 HERBAL MEDICINES WITH IMMUNOMODULATORY
EFFECTS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 ALBIZZIA
4.3 ANGELICA
4.4 ASTRAGALUS
4.5 ATRACTYLODES
4.6 BUPLEURUM
4.7 CHASTEBERRY (VITEX)
4.8 CHRYSANTHEMUM
4.9 CINNAMOMUM
4.10 CISSAMPELOS
4.11 CNIDIUM
4.12 CODONOPSIS
4.13 CORDYCEPS
4.14 CORNUS
4.15 CORYDALIS
4.16 CUSCUTA
4.17 DANSHEN
4.18 DIOSCOREA
4.19 EPHEDRA
4.20 GANODERMA
4.21 GARLIC
4.22 GINGER
4.23 GINKGO BILOBA
4.24 GINSENG
4.25 INDIGO
4.26 JIAOGULAN
4.27 LEONURUS
4.28 LICORICE
4.29 LIGUSTRUM
4.30 LOBELIA
4.31 MORINDA (NONI)
4.32 MUSHROOM
4.33 OROXYLUM
4.34 PEONY
4.35 PLATYCODON GRANDIFLORUM
4.36 POLYGALA
4.37 POLYGONUM
4.38 PORIA
4.39 PRUNELLA
4.40 REHMANNIA
4.41 SCHIZANDRA
4.42 SILYBUM
4.43 SMILAX
4.44 RELATED HERBS POPULAR IN THE UNITED
STATES
4.45 CONCLUSIONS
5 KELP AND THYROID FUNCTION
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 IODINE AND THYROID
5.3 KELP
5.4 CONCLUSIONS
6 HERBAL REMEDIES AND THE PATIENT WITH CHRONIC
KIDNEY DISEASE
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 POTENTIAL DANGERS OF HERB AND
SUPPLEMENT USE IN PATIENTS WITH KIDNEY
DISEASE
6.3 POTENTIATION OF GLUCOSE/ELECTROLYTE
ABNORMALITIES
6.4 PHARMACOKINETIC INTERACTIONS
6.5 POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF HERBS IN PATIENTS
WITH KIDNEY DISEASE
6.6 MISCELLANEOUS USES
6.7 CONCLUSIONS
7 ABNORMAL LIVER FUNCTION TESTS DUE TO
HEPATOTOXIC HERBS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
7.2 LIVER FUNCTION TESTS (LFTs)
7.3 ABNORMAL LFTS DUE TO USE OF HERBAL
SUPPLEMENTS
7.4 CONCLUSIONS
8 HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINE: PRINCIPLE, EFFICACY, AND
TOXICITY
8.1 INTRODUCTION
8.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
8.3 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF HOMEOPATHY
8.4 CURRENT USE OF HOMEOPATHY
8.5 COMMONLY USED HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES
8.6 ARE HOMEOPATHIC REMEDIES EFFECTIVE?
8.7 HOMEOPATHY AND ADVERSE EFFECTS
8.8 CONCLUSIONS
9 INDIAN AYURVEDIC MEDICINES: AN INTRODUCTION
9.1 INTRODUCTION
9.2 AYURVEDIC MEDICINE: BASIC PRINCIPLES
9.3 BENEFITS OF MEDITATION AND YOGA
9.4 HERBALS AND REMEDIES FROM OTHER
SOURCES
9.5 EFFICACY OF AYURVEDIC MEDICINE
9.6 DANGERS OF AYURVEDIC MEDICINES: HEAVY
METAL TOXICITY
9.7 CONCLUSIONS
10 TRADITION AND PERSPECTIVES OF GRECO-ARAB AND
ISLAMIC HERBAL MEDICINE
10.1 INTRODUCTION
10.2 A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARAB MEDICINE
10.3 INNOVATIONS INTRODUCED BY ARAB
PHYSICIANS
10.4 PHARMACOLOGY
10.5 POISONS AND ANTIDOTES
10.6 SAFETY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
10.7 CURRENT STATUS
10.8 HERBAL MEDICINES FROM TRADITION TO
EVIDENCE BASE
10.9 COMMONLY USED HERBAL MEDICINES IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN
10.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
11 LICORICE AND LABORATORY TESTS
11.1 INTRODUCTION
11.2 THE LICORICE PLANT
11.3 MEDICINAL PREPARATION OF LICORICE
11.4 PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF LICORICE
11.5 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND LICORICE–
DISEASE AND LICORICE–DRUG INTERACTIONS
11.6 CONCLUSIONS
Part III: DRUG INTERACTIONS
12 DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH ST. JOHN’S WORT
12.1 INTRODUCTION
12.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
12.3 USE OF ST. JOHN’S WORT IN TREATING
DEPRESSION
12.4 PHARMACOKINETIC EFFECTS OF ST. JOHN’S
WORT
12.5 MOLECULAR MECHANISM OF ENZYME AND
TRANSPORTER INDUCTION
12.6 CONCLUSIONS
13 DRUG–HERB INTERACTIONS IN PATIENTS WITH
HIV/AIDS
13.1 INTRODUCTION
13.2 USE OF HERBAL PREPARATIONS IN PEOPLE
WITH HIV
13.3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR DRUG–HERB
INTERACTIONS FOR ARV AGENTS
13.4 DRUG–HERB INTERACTIONS WITH ARV DRUGS
IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS AND IN HIV-INFECTED
PATIENTS
13.5 CONCLUSION
14 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN FRUIT JUICES AND DRUGS
14.1 INTRODUCTION
14.2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN VARIOUS DRUGS
AND GRAPEFRUIT JUICE
14.3 INTERACTION BETWEEN ORANGE JUICE AND
DRUGS
14.4 DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH POMEGRANATE
AND POMELO JUICE
14.5 DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH CRANBERRY JUICE
14.6 CONCLUSIONS
15 DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH GINKGO BILOBA AND
GINSENG
15.1 INTRODUCTION
15.2 DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH GINKGO BILOBA
15.3 DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH GINSENG
15.4 CONCLUSIONS
16 DRUG INTERACTIONS WITH GARLIC AND GINGER
SUPPLEMENTS
16.1 INTRODUCTION
16.2 REGULATORY ASPECT
16.3 HERB–DRUG INTERACTION
16.4 GARLIC (ALLIUM SATIVUM)
16.5 GINGER (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE)
16.6 CONCLUSION
Part IV: CONTAMINATION
17 HEAVY METAL TOXICITY AND HERBAL REMEDIES
17.1 INTRODUCTION
17.2 COMMON HEAVY METALS FOUND IN HERBAL
SUPPLEMENTS
17.3 HOW CAN HERBAL SUPPLEMENTS BECOME
CONTAMINATED?
17.4 ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METALS
17.5 HEAVY METAL TOXICITY AND HERBAL
REMEDIES
17.6 REGULATORY GUIDELINES AND QUALITY
ASSURANCE
17.7 REMAINING QUESTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
18 ADULTERATION OF HERBAL REMEDIES WITH
CONVENTIONAL DRUGS: ROLE OF THE CLINICAL
LABORATORY
18.1 INTRODUCTION
18.2 CONTAMINATION WITH ANALGESICS AND
NONSTEROIDAL ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS
(NSAIDs)
18.3 CONTAMINATION WITH HYPOGLYCEMIC
AGENTS
18.4 CONTAMINATION WITH ERECTILE
DYSFUNCTION DRUGS
18.5 CONTAMINATION WITH PSYCHOTROPIC
DRUGS
18.6 CONTAMINATION WITH STEROIDS
18.7 CONTAMINATION WITH WEIGHT LOSS
PRODUCTS
18.8 CONTAMINATION WITH OTHER DRUGS
18.9 ROLE OF THE CLINICAL LABORATORY IN
IDENTIFYING SUCH ADULTERANTS
18.10 CONCLUSIONS
19 BEYOND HERBALS: AN INTRODUCTION TO POISONOUS
PLANTS
19.1 INTRODUCTION
19.2 SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST
19.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PLANT EXPOSURE
19.4 TOXIC COMPOUNDS IN PLANTS
19.5 INVESTIGATIONS AND ANALYSIS
Part V: ANALYTICAL IMPLICATIONS
20 INTERFERENCES OF HERBAL REMEDIES WITH
IMMUNOASSAYS FOR THERAPEUTIC DRUGS: FOCUS ON
DIGOXIN
20.1 INTRODUCTION