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HENRY’S
BY
Clinical Diagnosis
AND Management
Laboratory Methods
ASSOCIATE EDITORS
Martin H. Bluth, MD, PhD
Professor, Department of Pathology
Wayne State University School of Medicine
Associate Director, Transfusion Service
Detroit Medical Center
Detroit, Michigan Mark S. Lifshitz, MD
Director, Clinical Laboratories
New York University Langone Medical Center
Clinical Professor, Department of Pathology
New York University School of Medicine
New York, New York
Jay L. Bock, MD, PhD
Professor and Vice Chair for Clinical Pathology
Director of Laboratories
Department of Pathology
Stony Brook Medicine
Stony Brook, New York H. Davis Massey, DDS, MD, PhD
Chief, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
H.H. McGuire VA Medical Center
Associate Professor of Pathology
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia
Wilbur B. Bowne, MD
Associate Professor of Surgery
Associate Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular
Biology
Department of Surgery
Drexel University College of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania A. Koneti Rao, MBBS
Sol Sherry Professor of Medicine
Professor, Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory
Medicine
Director, Benign Hematology, Hemostasis, and Thrombosis
Co-Director, Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center
Temple University School of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Robert E. Hutchison, MD
Director of Hematopathology and Clinical Pathology
Department of Pathology
State University of New York Upstate Medical University
Syracuse, New York Elizabeth R. Unger, MD, PhD
Chief, Chronic Viral Diseases Branch
Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
Atlanta, Georgia
Donald S. Karcher, MD
Professor of Pathology
Chair, Department of Pathology
Director of Laboratories and Chief, Flow Cytometry and
Clinical Chemistry Services
George Washington University Medical Center
Washington, DC Gail L. Woods, MD
Professor, Department of Pathology
University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences
Chief of Pediatric Pathology, Department of Pathology
Arkansas Children’s Hospital
Little Rock, Arkansas
ii
RD
23
E D I T I O N
HENRY’S
BY
Clinical Diagnosis
AND Management
Laboratory Methods
Richard A. McPherson, MD, MSc
Professor of Pathology, Retired
Virginia Commonwealth University
Richmond, Virginia
Matthew R. Pincus, MD, PhD
Professor of Pathology
State University of New York Downstate Medical Center
Brooklyn, New York
Chief, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
New York Harbor VA Medical Center
New York, New York
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, Missouri 63043
HENRY’S CLINICAL DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
BY LABORATORY METHODS, 23e ISBN: 978-0-323-29568-0
Copyright © 2017 by Elsevier Inc.
Martin H. Bluth retains copyright for his editorial and original contributions.
Elizabeth R. Unger’s contribution is in the public domain.
Previous editions copyrighted 2011, 2007, 2001, 1996, 1991, 1984, 1979, 1974, 1969, 1962, 1953, 1948,
1943, 1939, 1935, 1931, 1927, 1923, 1918, 1914, 1912, and 1908.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission,
further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies, and our arrangements with organizations
such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency can be found at our
website: www.elsevier.com/permissions.
This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the
Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience
broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical
treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In
using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of
others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the
most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each
product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration
of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own
experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best
treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: McPherson, Richard A., editor. | Pincus, Matthew R., editor.
Title: Henry’s clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods / [edited by] Richard A.
McPherson, Matthew R. Pincus.
Other titles: Clinical diagnosis and management by laboratory methods
Description: Edition 23. | St. Louis, Missouri : Elsevier, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and
index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016000370 | ISBN 9780323295680 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: | MESH: Clinical Laboratory Techniques | Clinical Laboratory Services
Classification: LCC RB37 | NLM QY 25 | DDC 616.07/56–dc23 LC record available at
http://lccn.loc.gov/2016000370
Executive Content Strategist: William Schmitt
Content Development Manager: Kathryn DeFrancesco
Publishing Services Manager: Catherine Jackson
Senior Project Manager: Clay S. Broeker
Design Direction: Margaret Reid
Printed in China
Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
CONTENTS
PART 1 The Clinical Laboratory 18 Cardiac Injury, Atherosclerosis, and Thrombotic
Disease 244
EDITED BY Mark S. Lifshitz, Matthew R. Pincus Jay L. Bock
1 General Concepts and Administrative Issues 2
Tim Hilbert, Anthony Kurec, Mark S. Lifshitz
2 Optimizing Laboratory Workflow and Performance 11
Mark S. Lifshitz
3 Preanalysis 20
Mark S. Lifshitz
4 Analysis: Principles of Instrumentation 33
Matthew R. Pincus, Mark S. Lifshitz, Jay L. Bock
5 Analysis: Clinical Laboratory Automation 60
Timothy E. Caragher, Mark S. Lifshitz, Robert DeCresce
6 Point-of-Care Testing and Physician Office
Laboratories 66
Lauren McVoy, Mark S. Lifshitz
7 Postanalysis: Medical Decision Making 73
Jeffrey S. Jhang, Mark S. Lifshitz
19 Specific Proteins 253
Richard A. McPherson
20 Clinical Enzymology 267
Robert P. Carty, Matthew R. Pincus, Ehsan Sarafraz-Yazdi
21 Evaluation of Liver Function 289
Matthew R. Pincus, Philip M. Tierno Jr., Elizabeth Gleeson,
Wilbur B. Bowne, Martin H. Bluth
22 Laboratory Diagnosis of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic
Disorders 306
Haseeb A. Siddiqi, Martin J. Salwen, Mohammad F. Shaikh,
Wilbur B. Bowne
23 Toxicology and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 324
Matthew R. Pincus, Martin H. Bluth, Naif Z. Abraham Jr.
24 Evaluation of Endocrine Function 362
Helena A. Guber, Amal F. Farag
25 Reproductive Function and Pregnancy 400
8 Interpreting Laboratory Results 84 Roohi Jeelani, Martin H. Bluth
Matthew R. Pincus, Naif Z. Abraham Jr. 26 Vitamins and Trace Elements 416
9 Laboratory Statistics 102 Martin J. Salwen
Richard A. McPherson 27 Chemical Basis for Analyte Assays and Common
Interferences 428
10 Quality Control 112
W. Greg Miller
Matthew R. Pincus, Jay L. Bock, Ralph Rossi, Donghong Cai
11 Clinical Laboratory Informatics 130 PART 3 Urine and Other Bodily Fluids
Paul Tranchida, Mark S. Lifshitz, Martin H. Bluth EDITED BY Donald S. Karcher, Richard A. McPherson,
Matthew R. Pincus
12 Financial Management 137
Mark S. Lifshitz, Robert DeCresce
13 Biological, Chemical, and Nuclear Terrorism: Role of
the Laboratory 149
Philip M. Tierno Jr., Mark S. Lifshitz
PART 2
EDITED BY
Clinical Chemistry
Jay L. Bock, Martin H. Bluth, Matthew R. Pincus
14 Evaluation of Renal Function, Water, Electrolytes, and
Acid-Base Balance 162
Man S. Oh, Gary Briefel
15 Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism
Katrin M. Klemm, Michael J. Klein
16 Carbohydrates 205
Prashant Nadkarni, Ruth S. Weinstock
17 Lipids and Dyslipoproteinemia 221
Xueying Chen, Liye Zhou, M. Mahmood Hussain
188
28 Basic Examination of Urine 442
Roger S. Riley, Richard A. McPherson
29 Cerebrospinal, Synovial, Serous Body Fluids, and
Alternative Specimens 481
Donald S. Karcher, Richard A. McPherson
PART 4
EDITED BY
Hematology and Transfusion
Medicine
Robert E. Hutchison, Richard A. McPherson,
Martin H. Bluth
30 Basic Examination of Blood and Bone Marrow 510
Neerja Vajpayee, Susan S. Graham, Sylva Bem
31 Hematopoiesis 540
Sharad C. Mathur, Robert E. Hutchison, Golam Mohi
32 Erythrocytic Disorders 559
M. Tarek Elghetany, Katherine I. Schexneider, Katalin Banki
v
33 Leukocytic Disorders 606
Robert E. Hutchison, Katherine I. Schexneider
50 The Major Histocompatibility Complex and
Disease 973
Attila Kumánovics, Julio C. Delgado
34 The Flow Cytometric Evaluation of Hematopoietic
Neoplasia 659
Brent L. Wood, Sindhu Cherian, Michael J. Borowitz
35 Immunohematology 680
Laura Cooling, Theresa Downs
36 Transfusion Medicine 735
Matthew Elkins, Robertson Davenport, Paul D. Mintz
37 Hemapheresis 751
Emily Rupp Patterson, Jeffrey L. Winters
38 Tissue Banking and Progenitor Cells 783
Nicholas J. Greco, Matthew Elkins
51 Immunodeficiency Disorders 983
Patrick Michael Long, Kimberly W. Sanford, Martin H. Bluth
52 Clinical and Laboratory Evaluation of Systemic
Rheumatic Diseases 993
Carlos Alberto von Mühlen, Marvin J. Fritzler, Edward K. L. Chan
53 Vasculitis 1016
J. Charles Jennette, Eric T. Weimer, Jason Kidd
54 Organ-Specific Autoimmune Diseases 1032
William E. Winter, Neil S. Harris, Kimberly L. Merkel,
Amy L. Collinsworth, William L. Clapp
55 Allergic Diseases 1057
Henry A. Homburger, Robert G. Hamilton
PART 5
EDITED BY
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
A. Koneti Rao, Matthew R. Pincus
PART 7
EDITED BY
39 Coagulation and Fibrinolysis 794
Mariasanta Napolitano, Alvin H. Schmaier, Craig M. Kessler
40 Platelet Disorders and von Willebrand Disease 812
Jonathan L. Miller, A. Koneti Rao
41 Laboratory Approach to Thrombotic Risk 834
John V. Mitsios, Jacob H. Rand
42 Antithrombotic Therapy 842
Thomas L. Ortel
Medical Microbiology
Gail L. Woods, Richard A. McPherson
56 Viral Infections 1072
Lech J. Mazur, Michael Costello
57 Chlamydial, Rickettsial, and Mycoplasmal
Infections 1099
Juan P. Olano, David H. Walker, Gail L. Woods
58 Medical Bacteriology 1114
Geraldine S. Hall, Gail L. Woods
59 In Vitro Testing of Antimicrobial Agents 1153
Angella Charnot-Katsikas, Kathleen G. Beavis
PART 6
EDITED BY
Immunology and
Immunopathology
H. Davis Massey, Richard A. McPherson
43 Overview of the Immune System and Immunologic
Disorders 856
Richard A. McPherson, H. Davis Massey
44 Immunoassays and Immunochemistry 862
60 Spirochete Infections 1171
P. Rocco LaSala, Michael Loeffelholz
61 Mycobacteria 1187
Gail L. Woods
62 Mycotic Diseases 1198
Peter C. Iwen
63 Medical Parasitology 1231
Katsumi Aoyagi, Yoshihiro Ashihara, Yasushi Kasahara Thomas Richard Fritsche, Bobbi S. Pritt
45 Laboratory Evaluation of the Cellular Immune
System 890 64 Specimen Collection and Handling for Diagnosis of
Infectious Diseases 1284
Roger S. Riley Kathleen G. Beavis, Angella Charnot-Katsikas
46 Laboratory Evaluation of Immunoglobulin Function and
Humoral Immunity 913
Richard A. McPherson, Roger S. Riley, H. Davis Massey
47 Mediators of Inflammation: Complement, Cytokines,
and Adhesion Molecules 929
H. Davis Massey, Richard A. McPherson, Sally A. Huber,
Nancy S. Jenny
48 Mediators of Inflammation: Cytokines and Adhesion
Molecules 944
Nancy S. Jenny, Sally A. Huber, Michael R. Lewis
49 Human Leukocyte Antigen: The Major
Histocompatibility Complex of Man 955
Omar Roberto Fagoaga
vi
PART 8
EDITED BY
Molecular Pathology
Martin H. Bluth, Elizabeth R. Unger, Matthew R. Pincus
65 Introduction to Molecular Pathology 1300
Elizabeth R. Unger, Martin H. Bluth, Matthew R. Pincus
66 Molecular Diagnostics: Basic Principles and
Techniques 1303
Martin Steinau, Margaret Piper, Elizabeth R. Unger
67 Polymerase Chain Reaction and Other Nucleic Acid
Amplification Technology 1316
Frederick S. Nolte, Julie Woolworth Hirschhorn, Charles E. Hill
68 Hybridization Array Technologies 1328
Martin H. Bluth
CONTENTS
69 Applications of Cytogenetics in Modern
Pathology 1337
Constance K. Stein
70 Establishing a Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory 1360
Michael Weindel, Martin H. Bluth
71 Molecular Diagnosis of Genetic Diseases 1377
75 Oncoproteins and Early Tumor Detection 1450
Matthew R. Pincus, Paul W. Brandt-Rauf, Martin H. Bluth,
Elizabeth Gleeson, Mohammad F. Shaikh, Wilbur B. Bowne,
Charles LaDoulis
76 Molecular Diagnosis of Hematopoietic
Neoplasms 1465
Ali Gabali, Martin H. Bluth
Wayne W. Grody 77 Molecular Genetic Pathology of Solid Tumors 1492
72 Identity Analysis: Use of DNA Analysis in Parentage,
Forensic, and Missing Persons Testing 1396 Shilpa Jain, David Y. Zhang, Ruliang Xu, Matthew R. Pincus,
Peng Lee
Rhonda K. Roby 78 High-Throughput Genomic and Proteomic Technologies
in the Postgenomic Era 1520
73 Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine
Jing Li, Martin H. Bluth
PART 9
EDITED BY
Molecular Pathology
1407
Martin H. Bluth
Index 1535
Matthew R. Pincus, Martin H. Bluth,
Richard A. McPherson, Wilbur B. Bowne
74 Diagnosis and Management of Cancer Using Serologic
and Other Body Fluid Markers 1432
Shilpa Jain, Matthew R. Pincus, Martin H. Bluth,
Richard A. McPherson, Wilbur B. Bowne, Peng Lee
vii
CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS
Naif Z. Abraham Jr., MD, PhD
Director, Division of Clinical Pathology
Assistant Professor of Pathology
State University of New York Upstate Medical University
Syracuse, New York
Katsumi Aoyagi, PhD
General Manager
New Product Development and Product Lifecycle Management
Department
Fujirebio Inc.
Tokyo, Japan
Yoshihiro Ashihara, PhD
Senior Managing Director
Board Member
Fujirebio Inc.
Tokyo, Japan
Katalin Banki, MD
Associate Professor
Department of Pathology
State University of New York Upstate Medical University
Syracuse, New York
Paul W. Brandt-Rauf, MD, ScD, DrPH
Dean
School of Public Health
University of Illinois at Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Gary Briefel, MD
Clinical Associate Professor of Medicine
State University of New York Downstate Medical Center
Brooklyn, New York
Donghong Cai, MD
Clinical Assistant Instructor, Department of Pathology
State University of New York Health Sciences Center at Brooklyn
Brooklyn, New York
Timothy E. Caragher, PhD
Assistant Professor, Pathology and Clinical Laboratory Sciences
Rush University Medical Center
Chicago, Illinois
Robert P. Carty, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry
State University of New York Downstate Medical Center
Brooklyn, New York
Kathleen G. Beavis, MD
Interim Director of Laboratories
Director, Microbiology and Immunology Laboratories
Department of Pathology
University of Chicago Medicine
Chicago, Illinois Edward K. L. Chan, PhD
University of Florida Research Foundation Professor
Professor of Oral Biology
Professor of Anatomy and Cell Biology
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
Sylva Bem, MD
Assistant Professor of Pathology
Upstate University Hospital
State University of New York
Syracuse, New York Angella Charnot-Katsikas, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology
Assistant Director, Clinical Microbiology and Immunology Labs
University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois
Martin H. Bluth, MD, PhD
Professor, Department of Pathology
Wayne State University School of Medicine
Associate Director, Transfusion Service
Detroit Medical Center
Detroit, Michigan Xueying Chen, MD, PhD
Visiting Scholar, Department of Cell Biology
State University of New York Downstate Medical Center
Brooklyn, New York
Attending Physician, Department of Cardiology
Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University
Shanghai, China
Jay L. Bock, MD, PhD
Professor and Vice Chair for Clinical Pathology
Director of Laboratories
Department of Pathology
Stony Brook Medicine
Stony Brook, New York
Michael J. Borowitz, MD, PhD
Professor of Pathology and Oncology
Executive Deputy Director, Department of Pathology
Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions
Baltimore, Maryland
Wilbur B. Bowne, MD
Associate Professor of Surgery
Associate Professor of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Department of Surgery
Drexel University College of Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
viii
Sindu Cherian, MD
Associate Professor, Laboratory Medicine
University of Washington,
Seattle, Washington
William L. Clapp, MD
Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and
Laboratory Medicine
University of Florida College of Medicine
Gainesville, Florida
Amy L. Collinsworth, MD
Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pathology, Immunology, and
Laboratory Medicine
University of Florida
Gainesville, Florida
