Henry the Young King, 1155-1183

507 Pages·2016·14.1 MB·English

by  Matthew Strickland

henry the young king, –
i
ii
H
ENRY
the
Y
OUNG
K
I N G
1155–1183
MATTHEW STRICKLAND
YALE UNIVERSITY PRESS
NEW HAVEN AND LONDON
iii
Copyright © 2016 Matthew Strickland
All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, in any form
(beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and
except by reviewers for the public press) without written permission from the publishers.
For information about this and other Yale University Press publications, please contact:
U.S. Office: [email protected] yalebooks.com
Europe Office: [email protected] yalebooks.co.uk
Typeset in Adobe Caslon Pro by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd
Printed in Great Britain by Gomer Press Ltd, Llandysul, Ceredigion, Wales
Library of Congress Cataloging-i n- Publication Data
Names: Strickland, Matthew, 1962- author.
Title: Henry the Young King, 1155-1183 / Matthew Strickland.
Description: New Haven : Yale University Press, 2016.
LCCN 2016009450 | ISBN 9780300215519 (cl : alk. paper)
LCSH: Henry, King of England, 1155-1183. | Great Britain—Kings and rulers—
Biography. | Henry II, King of England, 1133–1189—Family. | Great Britain—
History—Henry II, 1154-1189.
Classification: LCC DA206 .S77 2016 | DDC 942.03/1092—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2016009450
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
iv
For Debra
v
vi
Contents
List of Illustrations viii
List of Maps x
Preface xi
A Note on Terms and Currency xiv
List of Abbreviations xv
1 A Forgotten King? 1
2 Born in the Purple: Early Childhood and Infant Marriage,
1155–1160 17
3 Rex Puer : Coronation Plans and Associative Kingship,
1161–1163 34
4 Training for Kingship, 1163–1169 55
5 Novus Rex: The Coronation, 1170 78
6 The Regent and the Martyr, 1170–1172 95
7 ‘A King Without a Kingdom’: The Seeds of War, 1172–1173 119
8 ‘The Cubs of the Roaring Lion Shall Awaken’:
The Outbreak of War, 1173 151
9 Invasion: The Onslaught Renewed, 1174 181
10 A Fragile Peace, 1175–1177 206
11 Apogee: King of the Tournament, 1177–1182 239
12 Keeping the Balance of Power: France, 1178–1182 259
13 The Brothers’ War, 1183 282
14 Vir Sanctus: Death, Commemoration and Legacy 306
Notes 327
Bibliography 420
Index 447
vii
Illustrations
1. The Young King, labelled as Henricus junior, between his father,
Henry II, and his brother Richard, from Matthew Paris’ Historia
Anglorum, c.1250–59 (Royal MS 14 CVII, f. 9). © The British
Library Board
2. The coronation of the Young King, 1170, from an illustrated Anglo-
Norman verse, c.1220–40 (British Library, Loan MS 88, f. 3r). © British
Library, London, UK/Bridgeman Images
3. A king instructing his son, from the Codex Manesse, Zurich, c. 1304
(Universitat Heidelberg MS Cod. Pal. Germ. 848, f. 8r). © University of
Heidelberg
4. The Young King’s charter in favour of Canterbury cathedral, with his
great seal appended (Canterbury Cathedral Archives, MS Chartae
Antiquae B337). © Canterbury Cathedral Archives
5. Cast of the seal of King Louis VII of France, 1175. © Centre Historique
des Archives Nationales, Paris, France/Bridgeman Images
6. The murder of Thomas Becket, from a psalter c.1220, Midlands, England
(British Library, Harley 5102, f. 32). © The British Library Board
7. Henry II praying at the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury
in a thirteenth-century stained-glass window, Canterbury cathedral.
© Canterbury Cathedral, Kent, UK/Bridgeman Images
8. Heads of a young king and queen, possibly young Henry and Queen
Margaret, from the early thirteenth-century portal of the church
of Candes-Saint-Martin, Anjou. © M. Strickland
9. The castle of Chinon. © Bridgeman Images
10. Detail depicting the dissention between Henry II and his sons, from
Ralph of Diss, Ymagines Historiarum (Royal MS 13 E VI, f. 1r). © The
British Library Board
viii
illustrations ix
11. Emperor Henry IV of Germany and his son Henry confronting each
other at the river Regen,1105, from the Chronica of Otto of Freising,
1157. © Codex Jenensis Bose q. 6, fol. 91b
12. Knights besieging a town, from the St Alphege window, late twelfth
century, in the north transept of Canterbury cathedral. © Canterbury
Cathedral, Kent, UK/Bridgeman Images
13. The capture of a king in battle, from the Morgan Bible, French, c.1250,
New York Morgan Library MS 638, f. 24. © Pierpont Morgan Library,
New York
14. William Marshal, from a cast of his tomb effigy in the Temple Church,
London. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London
15. Tourneyers in the mêlée, from the Codex Manesse, Zurich, c.1304
(Universitat Heidelberg MS Cod. Pal. Germ. 848, f. 17r). © University
of Heidelberg
16. A king distributing largesse to his knights, clerks, and minstrels, from the
Codex Manesse, Zurich, c.1304 (Universitat Heidelberg MS Cod. Pal.
Germ. 848, f. 10r). © University of Heidelberg
17. The Young King and Philip of Flanders assisting with the coronation
of Philip Augustus, 1180, as illustrated by Jean Fouquet in the Grandes
Chroniques de France, c.1445–60 (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France,
Fr 6465, F. 212v). © Tallandier/Bridgeman Images
18. Seal of Philip Augustus, 1198. © Centre Historique des Archives
Nationales, Paris, France/Bridgeman Images
19. Scenes from the life of David by the Master of the Morgan Leaf,
Winchester, c.1160–80, New York Morgan Library M. 619, verso.
© Pierpont Morgan Library, New York
20. Detail of the tomb of the Young King in the cathedral of Rouen,
Normandy. © Alamy