Hemp: industrial production and uses

322 Pages·2013·4.924 MB·English

by  Bouloc, P., Allegret, S., Arnaud, L. (Eds.)

Hemp
Industrial Production and Uses
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Hemp
Industrial Production and Uses
Edited by
Pierre Bouloc
La Chanvriere de L’ Aube (LCDA), France
Serge Allegret
La Chanvriere de L’ Aube (LCDA), France
and
Laurent Arnaud
Ecole Nationale des Travaux Public de I’ Etat (ENTPE), France
Development Editor
David P. West, PhD
Plant Breeder, USA
Translated from orginal French text by
Glen Cousquer, BVM&S, BSc, CertZooMed, MRCVS
Independent Translator, UK
CABI is a trading name of CAB International
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,
London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Chanvre industriel. English
Hemp: industrial production and uses / edited by Pierre Bouloc, Serge Allegret,
and Laurent Arnaud; translator: Glen Cousquer.
p. cm.
Translation of: Le chanvre industriel: production et utilisations.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-84593-792-8 (pbk: alk. paper) – ISBN 978-1-84593-793-5
(hardback: alk. paper)
1. Hemp. 2. Hemp–Utilization. 3. Hemp industry. I. Bouloc, Pierre. II.
Allegret, Serge. III. Arnaud, Laurent, 1965-
SB255C4713 2012
633.5′71--dc23
2012004199
ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 792 8 (pbk)
978 1 84593 793 5 (hbk)
Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert
Editorial assistants: Alexandra Lainsbury and Gwenan Spearing
Typeset by SPi, Pondicherry, India
Printed and bound in the UK by CPi Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon, CRO 4YY
Contents
Contributors vii
1. Hemp: A Plant with a Worldwide Distribution 1
2. The History of Hemp 4
3. Physiology and Botany of Industrial Hemp 27
4. Genetics and Selection of Hemp 48
5. Factors Affecting the Yield of Industrial Hemp – Experimental
Results from France 72
6. Hemp Agronomics and Cultivation 98
7. Legislative Controls on the Cultivation of Hemp 125
8. The Agricultural Economics of Hemp 128
9. The Industrial Hemp Economy 145
10. Integrated Quality Management for Bast Fibres in Technical Applications 162
11. Use of Natural Fibres in Composites for German Automotive
Production from 1999 to 2005 187
12. Increasing Demand for European Hemp Fibres 195
13. Hemp in Papermaking 198
14. Hemp and Plastics 209
15. Medicinal Uses of Hemp 222
16. Hemp Seeds for Nutrition 229
17. Hemp and the Construction Industry 239
18. The Uses of Hemp for Domestic Animals 260
v
vi Contents
19. Chemical and Morphological Differences in Hemp Varieties 263
20. Hemp Production Outside the EU – North America and Eastern Europe 268
21. The Role of Hemp in Sustainable Development 278
References and Further Reading 290
Index 305
Contributors
Serge Allegret, La Chanvriere de L’Aube (LCDA), France
Laurent Arnaud, Ecole Nationale des Travaux Public de I’Etat (ENTPE), France
Olivier Beherec, FNPC, France
Dr Janos˘ Berenji, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, in Novi Sad, Serbia
Sylvestre Bertucelli, FNPC, France
Pierre Bouloc, La Chanvriere de L’Aube (LCDA), France
Bernard Boyeux, Consultant, France
Bernard Brochier, formerly Centre Technique du Papier, France
Michael Carus, European Industrial Hemp Association (EIHA), c/o nova-Institut GmbH,
Chemiepark Knapsack, Industriestrasse, 50354 Hürth, Germany
Nicolas Cerruti, Institut Technique du Chanvre (ITC), France
Gabriel Cescutti, European Patent Office, Verrijn Stuartlaan, 2288 ER Rijswijk, The Netherlands
Brigitte Chabbert, INRA, France
Catherine Dejean, Hospital Pharmacist, Centre hospitalier Henri Laborit, Poitiers, France, and
Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, France
François Desanlis, Consultant, France and South Africa
Holger Fischer, Faserinstitut Bremen e.V. – FIBRE –, Am Biologischen Garten 2, 28359
Bremen, Germany
Gilbert Fournier, Laboratory of Pharmacology of the Faculty of Pharmacology at the University
of Paris-Sud, France
Yves Hustache, Consultant, France
Tanya Jobling, Consultant, Australia
Bernard Kurek, INRA, France
Sandrine Legros, Institut Technique du Chanvre (ITC), France
Gero Leson, Consultant, Leson & Associates, Berkeley, California, USA
Gérard Mougin, AFT Plasturgie – Agro Fibres Technologies Plasturgie, Fontaine les Dijon,
France
Jörg Müssig, Hochschule Bremen, University of Applied Sciences, Faculty 5, Biomimetics/
Biological Materials, Neustadtswall 30, 28199 Bremen, Germany
Sébastien Picault, Institut Technique du Chanvre (ITC), France
Denis Richard, Hospital Pharmacist and Head of Service, Centre hospitalier Henri Laborit,
Poitiers, France, and Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Poitiers, France
vii
viii Contributors
Vladimir Sikora, Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Serbia
Hayo van der Werf, INRA, Rennes, France
Nick Veltre, Consultant, Vietnam
Philip Warner, Consultant, CEO ECOFIBRE, Australia
David P. West, Plant Breeder, USA
Glen Cousquer, Independent Translator, UK
1
Hemp: A Plant with a Worldwide
Distribution
Pierre Bouloc
La Chanvriere de L’ Aube (LCDA), France
1.1 Where is Industrial Hemp The subsidies available to support hemp pro-
Grown? duction further ensure the accuracy of these
reported figures.
Hemp is thought to have originated in the The production of certain other coun-
Yunnan Province of China and its utilitarian tries, such as the Baltic states and the
form, Cannabis sativa, has spread progres- ten countries who began production in
sively across the globe. In general, it demon- 2003, remains small. We know, however
strates a preference for the temperate zones (Chapter 2), that these Baltic states and
situated between the 25th and 55th parallels northern Russia were largely responsible,
on either side of the equator. during the 17th and 18th centuries, for
This great versatility is not unusual, for the supply of hemp to the navies of
there are many plants, including wheat, that France, Britain and Holland, to name the
flourish in both the northern and southern largest three.
hemisphere. Historical records showed that All the new members of the European
hemp was widely cultivated across most of the Union, historically having produced significant
planet by people who recognized its great hemp crops, have requested authorization to
utility. continue production.
Among the countries of Eastern Europe
are Russia, Serbia and Romania. Historically,
they have devoted significant areas to the
1.2 Modern-day Industrial Hemp
production of hemp. Today, their produc-
Production tion is modest, although sooner or later
financial backing will be found to fund the
Table 1.1 provides a comprehensive list of all cultivation of this crop. It should not be for-
those countries producing industrial hemp, gotten that, despite various financial prob-
even if their output is small. It bears testi- lems, countries such as Hungary, Poland,
mony to the ongoing importance of this Serbia and Ukraine maintain hemp research
crop. centres that rival France’s Fédération
The information provided for the 25 Nationale des Producteurs de Chanvre (FNPC)
European countries is particularly reliable, as in Le Mans.
the figures are derived from an industry that In Asia, modest production is reported
is strictly controlled and closely monitored. from countries like Korea and Japan. This reflects
© CAB International 2013. Hemp: Industrial Production and Uses (ed. P. Bouloc) 1