Table Of ContentArchives
Vfrology
Supplementum 1
C. H. Calisher (ed.)
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome,
Tick- and Mosquito-Borne Viruses
Springer-Verlag Wien New York
C. H. Calisher, Ph.D.
Division of Vector-Borne Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases
Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A.
Notice: The U.S. Department of the Army generously provided funding to partially offset
the costs of the symposium held in Dubrovnik and supported the attendance of certain of
its employees at that symposium and at the symposium held in Moscow. For the latter, it
must be said that "The views, opinions, and/or findings contained herein are those of the
authors and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position,
policy, or decision, unless so designated by other documentation."
This work is subject to copyright.
All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically
those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by pho
tocopying machine or similar means, and storage in data banks.
© 1991 by Springer-Verlag/Wien
Printed on acid-free paper
With 75 Figures
ISSN 0939-1983
ISBN-13 :978-3-211-82217-3 e-ISBN-13 :978-3-7091-9091-3
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9091-3
Contents
Calisher, C. H.: Editor's comments .................................................. .
Lee, H. W., Lee, P. W., Baek, L. J., Chu, Y. K.: Geographical distribution of
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and hantaviruses ....................... 5
Rossi, Cynthia A., Schmaljohn, C. S., Meegan, J. M., LeDuc, J. W.: Diagnostic
potential of a bacula virus-expressed nucleocapsid protein for hantaviruses ..... 19
Tomiyama, T., Lee, H. W.: Rapid serodiagnosis of hantavirus infections using high
density particle agglutination ..................................................... 29
c.:
Lee, H. W., Ahn, C. N., Song, J. W., Baek, L. J., Seo, T. J., Park, S. Field trial
of an inactivated vaccine against hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in
humans............................................................................. 35
Chumakov, M. P., Gavrilovskaya, Irena N., Myasnikow, Y. A.: Reservoirs and modes
of spread of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome, a zoonotic non transmissible
human disease ..................................................................... 49
Gavrilovskaya, Irena N., Apekina, Natalia S., Bernshtein, AlIa D., Demina, Varvara
T., Okulova, Natalia M., Myasnikov, Y. A., Chumakov, M. P.: Pathogenesis of
hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus infection and mode of horizontal
transmission of hantavirus in bank voles ......................................... 57
Vasilenko, S., Brodvarova, Irina, Topov, Yasen, Shindarov, L., Kebedzhiev, G.: Hem
orrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Bulgaria: isolation of hantaviruses and
epidemiologic considerations ...................................................... 63
Glass, G. E., Childs, J. K, Watson, A. J., LeDuc, J. W.: Association of chronic renal
disease, hypertension, and infection with a rat-borne hantavirus ................ 69
Nuti, M., Ieradi, Luisa Anna, Cristaldi, M., Gibbs, C. J., Jr.: Prevalence of antibody
to hantaviruses in humans and rodents in Italy. Provisional evidence of Hantaan-
like virus infections in humans and Seoul-like virus infections in rodents. . . . . . . 81
Avsic-Zupanc, Tatjana, Likar, M., Novakovic, Suzana, Cizman, Borut, Kraigher,
Alenka, van der Groen, G., Stojanovic, R., Obradovic, Mirceta, Gligic, Ana, LeDuc,
J. W.: Evidence of the presence of two hantaviruses in Slovenia, Yugoslavia 87
Lee, J. S., Han, J. S., Kim, S., Chang, K.-H.: Panhypopituitarism in the acute stage
of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome: a case report........................ 95
Lachenmann, M. J., Fernandez-Larsson, R., Patterson, J. L.: Stabilized Ribavirin
diphosphate analogs inhibit the vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana) in vitro tran-
scription reaction .................................................................. 101
Glushakova, Svetlana K, Lukashevich, I. S., Grinfeldt, A. K, Gotlib, Valentina A.,
Lev, A. A.: Early events in infection with arenaviruses .......................... 109
Timofeev, A. V., Kushch, AlIa A., Vorovitch, M. F., Tugizov, S. M., Elbert, L. B.,
Lvov, D. K.: A study of the NS3 nonstructural protein of tick-borne encephalitis
virus using monoclonal antibodies against the virus ............................. 119
Heinz, F. X., Mandl, C. W., Guirakhoo, F., Holzmann, Heidi, Tuma, W., Kunz, C.:
The envelope protein E of tick-borne encephalitis virus and other flaviviruses:
structure, functions and evolutionary relationships .............................. 125
Gould, K A., Buckley, A., Higgs, S., Gaidamovich, Sophia: Antigenicity offlaviviruses 137
VI Contents
Hofmann, H., Kunz, C., Heinz, F. X.: Laboratory diagnosis of tick-borne encephalitis 153
Chumakov, M. P., Rubin, S. G., Semashko, I. V., Matrosovich, M. N., Mironova, L.
L., Martyanova, L. I., Kniaginskaya, Yu. A., Salnikov, Va. A., Gambaryan, A.
S., Karavanov, A. S., Kurennaya, O. V.: New perspective vaccines from tick-borne
encephalitis virus propagated in green monkey kidney cell cultures ............. 161
c.,
El-Ghorr, A. A., Marriott, A. Ward, V. K., Booth, T. F., Higgs, S., Gould, E. A.,
Nuttall, Patricia A.: Characterization of Dugbe virus by biochemical and im-
munochemical procedures using monoclonal antibodies ......................... 169
Sweet, C., Coates, D. M.: Studies of the pathogenesis of Dugbe virus in normal and
in immunosuppressed mice ........................................................ 181
Buckley, A., Higgs, S., Gould, E. A.: Dugbe virus susceptibility to neutralization by
monoclonal antibodies as a marker of virulence in mice .......... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Booth, T. F., Marriott, A. C., Steele, G. M., Nuttall, Patricia A.: Dugbe virus in
ticks: histological localization studies using light and electron microscopy ..... 207
Nuttall, Patricia A., Booth, T. F., Carey, Dorothy, Davies, C. R., Jones, Linda D.,
Morse, Mary A., Moss, S. R.: Biological and molecular characteristics of orbi-
viruses and orthomyxoviruses isolated from ticks ................................ 219
Jones, Linda D., Hodgson, Elizabeth, Nuttall, Patricia A.: Characterization of tick
salivary gland factor(s) that enhance Thogoto virus transmission ............... 227
Butenko, A. M., Galkina, Irena V., Kuznetsov, A. A., Kolobukhina, Lyudmila V., Lvov,
S. D., Nedyalkova, Marina S.: Serological evidence of the distribution of California
serogroup viruses in the U.S.S.R. ................................................. 235
Kolobukhina, Lyudmila V., Lvov, D. K., Butenko, A. M., Nedyalkova Marina S.,
Kuznetsov, A. A., Galkina, Irena V.: Signs and symptoms of infections caused by
California serogroup viruses in humans in the U.S.S.R. ......................... 243
Artsob, H.: Arbovirus activity in Canada............................................. 249
Lvov, D., Avershin, A., Andreev, V., Aristova, Valeriya, Butenko, A, Voltsit, Olga,
Galkina, Irena, Gromashevsky, V., Dmitriev, G., Kondaurov, Y., Kondrashina,
Nina, Kuznetsov, A., Lvov, S., Morozova, Tatyana, Skvortsova, Tatyana, Shchi
panova, Marina: Surveillance for arboviruses in the Soviet Union: relationships
between ecologic zones and virus distribution .................................... 259
Lvov, S. D., Gromashevsky, V. L., Andreev, V. P., Skvortsova, Tatyana M., Kon
drashina, Nina G., Morozova, Tatyana N., Avershin, A. D., Aristova, Valeriya A.,
Dmitriev, G. A., Kandaurov, Y. K., Kuznetsov, A. A., Galkina, Irena V., Yamnikova,
Svetlana S., Shchipanova, Marina V.: Natural foci of arboviruses in far northern
latitudes of Eurasia ................................................................ 267
Antoniadis, A., Alexiou-Daniel, Stella, Malissiovas, N., Doutsos, J., Polyzoni, Thalia,
LeDuc, J. W., Peters, C. J., Saviolakis, G.: Seroepidemiological survey for an-
tibodies to arboviruses in Greece ................................................. 277
Gaidamovich, Sophia Ya., Khutoretskaya, Natalia V., Asyamov, Y. V., Tsyupa, V. I.,
Melnikova, Eugenia E.: Sandfly fever in Central Asia and Afghanistan ......... 287
Butenko, A. M., Chumakov, M. P.: Isolation of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
virus from patients and from autopsy specimens................................. 295
Camicas J.-L., Wilson, M. L., Cornet, J.-P., Digoutte, J.-P., Calvo, M.-A., Adam,
F., Gonzalez, J.-P.: Ecology of ticks as potential vectors of Crimean-Congo
hemorrhagic fever virus in Senegal: epidemiological implications ............... 303
Wilson, M. L., Gonzalez, J.-P., LeGuenno, B., Cornet, J.-P., Guillaud, M., Calvo,
M.-A., Digoutte, J.-P., Camicas, J.-L.: Epidemiology of Crimean-Congo hem-
orrhagic fever in Senegal: temporal and spatial patterns ........................ 323
Abstracts
Shamanin, V. A., Pletnev, A. G., Zlobin, V. I.: Detection and differentiation of tick-
borne encephalitis virus strains by nucleic acid hybridization ................... 341
Contents VII
Pletnev, A. G.: Structure and organization of tick-borne encephalitis virus genome 342
Lavrova, N. A., Pomelova, V. G., Halonen, P.: Detection by time-resolved fluoroim-
munoassay of antibodies in patients with tick-borne encephalitis ............... 343
Leonova, G. N.: Monoclonal antibodies used to study antigenic characteristics of
Powassan virus strains isolated in the Primorye Territory, eastern U.S.S.R. .... 344
Karimov, S. K., Lvov, D. V., Kiryushchenkol, T. V.: Syrdaria Valley fever, a new virus
disease in Kazakhstan ............................................................. 345
Andreev, V. P., Abmed, D., Lvov, S. D., Dmitriev, G. A., Kupul, L., Gromashevsky,
V. L., Avershin, A. D., Skvortsova, T. M., Kondrashina, N. G., Voltsit, O. V.,
Morozova, T. N., Gushchina, E. A.: Isolation of a Getah-like virus (family To
gaviridae, genus Alphavirus, Semliki Forest antigenic complex) from mosquitoes
collected in Mongolia ............................................................. 346
Vladimirtseva, E. A., Bakulina, E. A., Bystrova, E. A., Lvov, S. D., Butenko, A. M.:
Immune blotting studies of California encephalitis antigenic complex viruses
recently isolated in the U.S.S.R. .................................................. 347
Arch Virol (1990) [Suppl 1]: 1-3
© by Springer-Verlag 1990
Editor's comments
C. H. Calisher
Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control, Fort Collins, Colorado, U.S.A.
The papers in this Special Issue of Archives of Virology were among many
presented at two symposia: "The Second Symposium on Arboviruses in
Mediterranean Countries" (Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia, September 24-29, 1989)
and "An International Symposium on Arboviruses and Arboviral Infec
tions" (Moscow, U.S.S.R., October 3-5, 1989).
This issue could not have been completed without the cooperation of the
organizers of those symposia, particularly Drs. David H. L. Bishop and
Patricia A. Nuttall, NERC Institute of Virology, Oxford, England; Academi
cian Dmitri K. Lvov and Dr. Alexander M. Butenko, D.1. Ivanovsky
Institute of Virology, Moscow, U.s.S.R.; and Drs. Thomas P. Monath,
Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious
Diseases, Ft. Detrick, Frederick, Maryland, U.S.A. and Frederick A. Mur
phy, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.A. For their counsel,
helpful suggestions, and gracious support in a miscellany of areas, I offer my
thanks. To the authors, who tolerated my editorial style, met unrealistic
deadlines, and generally were cooperative and cheerful through it all, lowe
everything.
As newly appointed Special Issues Editor, along with Dr. H. D. Klenk, it is
my responsibility to see that manuscripts are submitted according to the
"Instructions to Authors" issued by the journal. That is quite a different
situation from the usual, in which submitted manuscripts are refereed
anonymously and the Editor acts in accord with the referee's recommenda
tions. In this situation, there is much more work involved in trying to make
all manuscripts match the style and standards of the journal-rejection of a
manuscript is a last resort, rarely done in fact.
As Editor, and as an arbovirologist interested in the systematics of my
field, I must comment on the viral nomenclature and taxonomic usage
contained in certain of the papers in this volume. At the symposium held in
Dubrovnik, I presented a paper "Classification and taxonomy of arbo
viruses: a useful occupation or the sign of obsessive-compulsive behavior?".
I noted that the purpose of precision in nomenclature and universality in
taxonomy is unambiguous communication. I explained my position on
definition of the arbovirological terms serogroup, complex, virus, subtype, and
2 C. H. Calis her
Table 1. A suggested system of arboviral antigenic classification
Serogroup 2 or more viruses, distinct from each other by quantitative serologic criteria (4-
fold or greater differences between homologous and heterologous titers of both serum
samples) in 1 or more tests, but related to each other or to other viruses by some (any)
serologic method
Complex Composed of viruses closely related within a serogroup but distinct from each
other
Virus (type) Belong to the same antigenic complex, are antigenically related but easily
separable (4-fold or greater differences between homologous and heterologous titers of
both serum samples) by 1 or more standard serologic tests (hemagglutination-inhibition,
complement-fixation, fluorescent antibody, neutralization, enzyme-linked immunosor
bent assay, etc.)
Subtype Separable from other closely related isolates by at least a 4-fold difference
between the homologous and heterologous titers of 1 but not both of the 2 serum
samples tested.
Variety Subtypes differentiable only by the application of special tests or reagents,
including studies with monoclonal antibodies selected for epitope specificity, with special
reagents (such as 1-dose antiserum or antibody to a specific glycoprotein), or with
specialized tests (such as kinetic hemagglutination inhibition or absorption-hemag
glutination inhibition).
variety (Table 1), which are consensus definitions used by the Subcommittee
on InterRelationships Among Catalogued Arboviruses (Dr. Robert E.
Shope, Chairman) of the American Committee on Arthropod-borne Viruses.
Further, I urged that my colleagues avoid the crude patois of imprecise
vernacular usage, e.g., there is no such entity as dengue virus (there are four
different viruses that cause dengue); there is no such entity as hemorrhagic
fever with renal syndrome virus (there is a disease syndrome by this name
and there are Hantaan, Seoul, and Puumala viruses). Consistent usage of
proper virologic names, whether formally or vernacularly, would improve
communication between laboratory virologists, clinicians, public health
workers, et aI., and would eliminate the small enclaves of virologists who
become isolated by their unique jargons. In the future, this journal and all
virology journals will become much more demanding that authors use only
the universal nomenclature and taxonomic terms established by the Interna
tional Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses and by W.H.O. specialty groups.
Examples of appropriate and inappropriate terms pertinent to this volume
are included in Table 2.
Editor's comments 3
Table 2. Examples of appropriate nomenclature and taxonomic usage
Inaccurate name Appropriate formal usage (family, genus)
Disease for etiologic agent and universal vernacular usage (virus)"
Tick-borne TBE virus Flaviviridae, Flavivirus, Russian spring
encephalitis summer encephalitis virus
Tick-borne TBE virus Flaviviridae, Flavivirus, Powassan virus
encephalitis
Dengue dengue virus Flaviviridae, Flavivirus, dengue 1 virus
dengue virus Flaviviridae, Flavivirus, dengue 2 virus
Western equine WEE virus Togaviridae, Alphavirus, western equine en-
encephalitis (western type) cephalitis virus
WEE virus Togaviridae, Alphavirus, Highlands J virus
(eastern type)
Eastern equine EEE virus Togaviridae, Alphavirus, eastern equine en
encephalitis cephalitis virus
Hemorrhagic HFRS virus Bunyaviridae, Hantavirus, Hantaan virus
fever with (eastern type)
renal syndrome
Nephropathia HFRS virus Bunyaviridae, Hantavirus, Puumala virus
Epidemica (western type)
Bluetongue bluetongue virus Reoviridae, Orbivirus, bluetongue 1 virus
bluetongue virus Reoviridae, Orbivirus, bluetongue 2 virus
Vesicular vesicular Rhabdoviridae, Vesiculovirus, vesicular
stomatitis stomatitis virus stomatitis Indiana virus
vesicular Rhabdoviridae, Vesiculovirus, vesicular
stomatitis virus stomatitis New Jersey virus
" If the virus type is not known, it is acceptable to use the generic expression "a flavivirus
belonging to the TBE antigenic complex"; "a flavivirus belonging to the dengue antigenic
complex"; "an alpha virus belonging to the WEE antigenic complex"; "a hantavirus"; "an
orbivirus most closely related to viruses of the bluetongue antigenic complex"; "a vesiculo
virus"; or other, similarly accurate and inclusive expressions
