Table Of ContentSPRINGER SERIES ON SOCIAL WORK
Albert R. Roberts, DSW, PhD, Series Editor
Professor of Social Work and Criminal Justice, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers
The State University of New Jersey
Advisory Board: Jose Ashford, PhD, Barbara Berkman, PhD, Elaine P. Congress, DSW,
Sophia F. Dziegielewski, PhD, C. Aaron McNeece, PhD, Kenneth R. Yeager, PhD
2008 Helping Victims of Violent Crime: Assessment, Treatment,
and Evidence-Based Practice
Diane L. Green, PhD, and Albert R. Roberts, DSW, PhD
2007 Theoretical Perspectives for Direct Social Work Practice:
A Generalist-Eclectic Approach, Second Edition
Nick Coady, PhD, and Peter Lehmann, PhD, LCSW, Editors
2007 Handbook of Forensic Mental Health With Victims and Offenders:
Assessment, Treatment, and Research
David W. Springer, PhD, and Albert R. Roberts, DSW, PhD, Editors
2006 Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Clinical Social Work Practice
Tammie Ronen, PhD, and Arthur Freeman, EdD, ABPP, Editors
2005 Multicultural Perspectives in Working with Families, Second Edition
Elaine P. Congress, ACSW, DSW, and Manny Gonzalez, DSW, Editors
2004 Dilemmas in Human Services Management: Illustrative Case Studies
Raymond Sanchez Mayers, PhD, Federico Soufl ee, Jr., PhD, and
Dick J.Schoech, PhD
2004 The Changing Face of Health Care Social Work: Professional
Practice in Managed Behavioral Health Care, Second Edition
Sophia F. Dziegielewski, PhD, LCSW
2003 Adolescent Pregnancy: Policy and Prevention Services
Naomi Farber, PhD, MSW
2002 Human Behavior and the Social Environment: Integrating Theory and
Evidence-Based Practice
John S. Wodarski, PhD, and Sophia F. Dziegielewski, PhD, LCSW, Editors
2002 A Guide for Nursing Home Social Workers
Elise M. Beaulieu, MSW, ACSW, LICSW
2002 New Routes to Human Services: Information and Referral
Risha W. Levinson, DSW
2001 Social Work Practice and Psychopharmacology
Sophia F. Dziegielewski, PhD, LCSW, and Ana Leon, PhD, LCSW
2001 Understanding Narrative Therapy: A Guidebook for the Social Worker
Paul Abels, MSW, PhD, and Sonia L. Abels, MSW
2001 Law and Social Work Practice, Second Edition
Raymond Albert, MSW, JD
2000 Evidence-Based Social Work Practice with Families: A Lifespan Approach
Jacqueline Corcoran, PhD
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Helping Victims of
Violent Crime
Assessment, Treatment, and
Evidence-Based Practice
DIANE L. GREEN, PhD
ALBERT R. ROBERTS, DSW, PhD
Copyright © 2008 Springer Publishing Company, LLC
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of
Springer Publishing Company, LLC.
Springer Publishing Company, LLC
11 West 42nd Street
New York, NY 10036
www.springerpub.com
Acquisitions Editor: Jennifer Perillo
Project Manager: Kelly J. Applegate
Cover design: Joanne E. Honigman
Composition: Publication Services
08 09 10 11 12 / 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Green, Diane L.
Helping victims of violent crime : assessment, treatment, and evidence-based
practice / Diane L. Green, Albert R. Roberts.
p. ; cm. – (Springer series on social work)
ISBN 978-0-8261-2508-8 (hardcover)
1. Victims of violent crimes—Mental health. 2. Crisis intervention
(Mental health services) 3. Evidence-based psychiatry. I. Roberts,
Albert R. II. Title. III. Series: Springer series on social work (Unnumbered)
[DNLM: 1. Crime Victims—psychology. 2. Crisis Intervention—methods.
3. Violence—psychology. WM 401 G795h 2008]
RC569.5.V55G74 2008
362.88–dc22
2008013398
Printed in the United States of America by Bang Printing.
Dedication
This book is dedicated to the many thousands of victim advocates and
counselors who have devoted their careers to victims and families, and
who work tirelessly to improve the lives of all survivors.
Diane Green dedicates this book to her mother, Lois Green, and in
loving memory of her father James Russell Green, Jr., for their love, sup-
port, and understanding throughout the years. Al Roberts dedicates this
book in loving memory of his mother and father Evelyn and Harry Rob-
erts who instilled love, compassion, educational pursuits, and perserver-
ance in his fi rst 21 years of life before his parents death from cancer.
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Contents
About the Authors xiii
Foreword by Mario Thomas Gaboury, JD, PhD xv
Preface xix
Acknowledgments xxi
Chapter 1 Victims of Violent Crime: An Introduction 1
Scope of the Problem 1
Historical Perspective on Victimology 2
Victim Programs, Legislation, and Funding 4
Costs: Tangible and Human Costs of
Victimization 9
Emotional, Physical, Financial, and
Spiritual Impact 10
Systems Theoretical Framework 12
Systems Theory 13
Stress and Coping 13
Crisis and Attribution Theories: How Victims
Experience Their Victimization 15
Crisis Theory 15
Attribution Theory 17
Summary of Theoretical Framework 19
Chapter 2 Grief and Loss Reactions and Theories 21
Overview, Defi nitions, and Common
Grief Reactions 21
Grief Work, Stages and Phases 26
Teresa Rando 26
Robert Neimeyer 28
Bowlby and Parkes 29
Elisabeth Kübler-Ross 30
Which Theory Is Right? 31
Summary 31
vii
viii Contents
Chapter 3 Stress and Coping Model for Victims of Crime 35
Appraisal 36
Social Support 37
Perceived and Received Social Support 40
Formal Social Support 41
Social Support as a Mediator and a Moderator 42
Coping 42
Coping as Mediator 43
Coping Dimensions 44
Well-Being 46
Distress 47
Depression 48
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 50
Anger 52
Anxiety 53
Summary 55
Chapter 4 Crisis Intervention 57
History 57
Practice Models 58
Evidence-Based Practice Needs 62
Guidelines for Practice 65
Roberts’s Seven-Stage Crisis Intervention
Model (R-SSCIM) 66
Critical Incident Stress Management 71
Critical Incident Stress Debriefi ng 72
Requirements for Intervention 73
Conclusion 76
Chapter 5 Cases of Child Abuse 79
Assessment 84
Special Issues in Child Abuse Cases 84
Risk Factors 86
Assessment of Children, Parent/Caregiver-Child
and Other Familial Relationships 86
Use of Standardized Measures 91
Summary of Assessment 93
Treatment: Issues and Interventions 93
Overview: General Principles of Treatment 93
Family-Centered Practice 99
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 102
Contents ix
Additional Treatment Approaches 103
Summary of Treatment 104
Chapter 6 Intimate Partner Violence: Overview, Stages of Change,
Crisis Intervention, and Time-Limited Treatment 107
Case Scenarios 109
Case 1: Cathy 109
Case 2: Julia 109
Case 3: Cynthia 110
Barriers to Seeking Help 110
Case 1 111
Case 2 111
Case 3 111
Case 4 112
Myths and Facts 113
23 Warning Signs of a Potentially Abusive Partner 116
Prevalence and Costs 117
Continuum of the Duration and Severity of Woman
Battering Based on 501 Cases 120
Methodology 121
Findings 122
Duration and Severity Level of Woman-Battering
Continuum 122
Practice Implications 127
Roberts’s Seven-Stage Crisis Intervention Model 127
Conclusion 132
Chapter 7 Sexual Assault 135
Assessment 138
Special Issues in Sexual Assault Cases 138
Victim Assessment 140
Use of Standardized Measures 142
Treatment Planning 145
Summary of Assessment 146
Treatment: Issues and Interventions 147
Overview: General Principles of Treatment 147
Stress Inoculation Training 147
Prolonged Exposure Therapy 148
Cognitive Processing Therapy 149
Multiple Channel Exposure Therapy 149
Summary 150
