Table Of ContentHeavy Gas and Risk Assessment - II
Heavy Gas
and Risk Assessment - II
Proceedings of the Second Symposium on
Heavy Gases and Risk Assessment,
Frankfurt am Main, May 25-26, 1982
edited by
SYL VIUS HARTWIG
v.,
Battelle-Institut e. Frankfurt am Main
....
D. Reidel Publishing Company
"
A MEMBER OF THE KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS GROUP
Dordrecht / Boston / Lancaster
The Symposium was sponsored by Battelle-Institut e.V.
library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Symposium on Heavy Gas and Risk Assessment (2nd: 1982 : Frankfurt
am Main, Germany)
Heavy Gas and Risk Assessment II.
"The Symposium was sponsored by Battelle-Institut e.V."
Includes index.
1. Gases, Asphyxiating and poisonous~Environmental aspects~
Congresses. 2. Air~Poliution~Congresses. 3. Atmospheric
diffusion~Congresses. I. Hartwig, Sylvius, 1938- II. Battelle-
Institut. III. Title.
TD885.S953 1982 604.7 83-4563
TSBN-13: 978-94-009-7153-0 e-TSBN-13 978-94-009-7151-6
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-7151-6
Published by D. Reidel Publishing Company
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, Holland
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Boston Inc.,
190 Old Derby Street, Hingham, MA 02043, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Academic Publishers Group,
P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, Holland
All Rights Reserved
Copyright © 1983 by Battelle-Institut e.V., Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1983
and copyrightholders as specified on appropriate pages within
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording or by any informational stordge and retrieval system,
without written permission from the copyright owner
Table of Contents
Preface ix
S. Hartwig
Open and controversial topics in heavy
gas dispersion and related risk assessment
problems
1
S. F. Jagger
Formulations of the dense gas dispersion problem 27
G. Schnatz, J. Kirsch and W. Heudorfer
Investigation of energy fluxes in heavy
gas dispersion 53
K. Emblem and T. K. Fannel~p
Entrainment mechanisms of air in heavy
gas clouds
67
C. I. Bradley, R. J. Carpenter
P! J. Waite, C. G. Ramsay and M. A. English
Recent development of a simple box-type
model for dense vapour cloud dispersion
77
D. M. Deaves
Application of a turbulence flow model
to heavy gas dispersion in complex
situations
91
H. Giesbrecht, H. Seifert and W. Leuckel
Dispersion of vertical free jets
103
J. G. DeSteese and R. E. Rhoads
Research and Development needs and
opportunities in LGF safety and environmental
control
127
vi TABLE OF CONTENTS
J. S. Puttock, G. W. Colenbrander and
D. R. Blackmore
Maplin sands experiments 1980: Dispersion
results from continuous releases of
refrigerated liquid propane 147
D. L. Ermak, H. C. Goldwire, W. J. Hogan,
R. P. Koopman a~d T. G. McRae
Results of 40-m LNG spills onto water 163
J. A. Havens and T. O. Spicer
Further analysis of catastrophic LNG spill
vapor dispersion 181
W. J. S. Hirst and J. A. Eyre
Maplin sands experiments 1980: Combustion
of large LNG and refrigerated liquid
propane spills on the sea 211
W. Geiger
Present unterstanding of the explosion
properties of flat vapour clouds 225
B. J. Wiekema
An analysis of vapour cloud explosions
based on accidents 7.37
J. Hofmann
Modelling of fire for risk assessment in
petrochemical industries 249
P. Baybutt
Procedures for the use of risk analysis
in decision making 261
W. Heudorfer and S. Hartwig
A comparison of consequences of different
types of UF6 accidents 279
N. C. Harris
Some problems in risk assessment involving
gas dispersion 293
TABLE OF CONTENTS vii
H. J. Nikodem
Examples of analyses of gas cloud
explosion hazartls 305
List of Participants 311
Index 319
PREFACE
This book comprises the proceedings of the second symposium on heavy
gases and risk assessment held in May 1982 at the Battelle-Institut
e. V., Frankfurt am Main. The symposium was a se<pel to a meeting on the
same subject held in September 1979. The second symposium consisted
of four sessions. It was not always possible to definitively separate
the different sessions, as some of the papers discussed topics that
overlapped other sessions. The first section was concerned with
heavy gas dispersion and the associated aspects of modelling. The
Chairman for this session was Prof. M. RiethmUller from the Karman
Institute, Brussels.
The second session was devoted to experimental aspects and topics re
lated to heavy gas dispersion. The chairman for this session was Prof.
J. Havens.
The third session dealt with the field of explosion and fire.
The Chairman of this session was Dr. J. Pankrath of the Umweltbundes
amt.
In the fourth session, some aspects of risk assessment in relation
to heavy gases was discussed. In every session two periods were set
aside for discussion, so that we had the chance, to settle some of
the controversies that arose.
I wish to express my appreciation to all those scientists who respon
ded to our call for papers. Unfortunately, we were not able to in-
ix
x PREFACE
clude all the papers because of the limited period of time that we
had for the two-day symposium.
Organizing a symposium and publishing the proceedings carries with
it a considerable amount of hard work. My colleagues at the Battelle
Institut e.V., W. Heudorfer, J. Kirsch and G. Schnatz were a steady
help during the organization of this symposium. I would like to ex
press my gratitude to them.
I am also very much obliged to Mrs. R. Kra (Yale University) who
assisted me in the editorial work of this publication.
Sylvius Hartwig
OPEN AND CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS IN HEAVY GAS DISPERSION AND RELATED
RISK ASSESSMENT PROBLEMS
S. Hartwig, Battelle-Institut e.V., Frankfurt am Main and
Universitat Wuppertal
I would like to touch briefly on four areas, namely, connection of
dispersion to risk assessment, a very brief comment on the HSE trials,
improvements in the field since the last symposium and finally I
would like to emphasize three special topics on heavy gas modelling.
As mentioned previously, compared with the last symposium the additi-
onal session on risk assessment and consequence analysis testifies
to its growing importance. There are two reasons for this: On the one
hand, the general impetus for the examination of the reaction of
heavy gases is caused by their increasing industrial and general use
and the risks therein involved. The increase of the consumption is
in turn related to the increasing use of natural gas (LNG) and growing
industrial production as well as to our own consumption, as can be
seen in fig. 1.
On the other hand, the possible accidental releases and the risks
involved determine the special methods and models required for re-
liable assessments and predictions of possible consequences. A good
example is jet release.
When conSidering the hazard potential of the different heavy gases,
S. Hartwig (ed.), Heavy Gas and Risk Assessment -II, 1-25.
Copyright © 1983 by Battelle·1nstitut e. V., Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
2 s. HARTWIG
408.2
400-
_ others
",~'%'#I nuclear power
C=:J lignite
C::=J hard coal
natural gas
I,··,· .. ..., ) oil 336.8
0.6 'I,
9.1"1,
300-
2OC-
135.5
60.7'1,
100-
72.8'/,
0.5'/.
21-0'1
4.7 'I,
c- ~_~~L-~~~ ~'.~,' ~~~~~~_
1950 1960 1970 1973 19" 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980
nach Bundesverband der deutschen Gas· und Wasserwirtschaft e.V. 1981
FIG.1: WEST GERMAN PRIMARY ENERGY
DEMAND BY ENERGIES
(MILLION TeE)
