Heat Treatment: Conventional and Novel Applications

418 Pages·2012·26.9 MB·English

by  Frank Czerwinski

HEAT TREATMENT
CONVENTIONAL AND
NOVEL APPLICATIONS
Edited by Frank Czerwinski
HEAT TREATMENT –
CONVENTIONAL AND
NOVEL APPLICATIONS

Edited by Frank Czerwinski
Heat Treatment – Conventional and Novel Applications
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2798
Edited by Frank Czerwinski

Contributors
Michal Pohanka, Petr Kotrbáček, Grzegorz Golański, Nguyen Viet Long, Cao Minh Thi,
Masayuki Nogami, Michitaka Ohtaki, Wesley M. Dose, Scott W. Donne, Hiroki Nagai,
Mitsunobu Sato, Manuel Pedro Fernandes Graça, Manuel Almeida Valente, E-Wen Huang,
Yu-Chieh Lo, Junwei Qiao, Fathollah Sajedi, Anton Panda, Jozef Jurko, Iveta Pandová,
A.M.A. Mohamed, F.H. Samuel, Frank Czerwinski, Angel Zumbilev, Anna Biedunkiewicz,
Sonia Hatsue Tatumi, Alexandre Ventieri, José Francisco Sousa Bitencourt, Katia Alessandra
Gonçalves, Juan Carlos Ramirez Mittani, René Rojas Rocca, Shiva do Valle Camargo,
Jeffrey C. De Vero, Rusty A. Lopez, Wilson O. Garcia, Roland V. Sarmago, Rabah Bensaha,
Hanene Bensouyad

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Cover InTech Design Team

First published September, 2012
Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]

Heat Treatment – Conventional and Novel Applications, Edited by Frank Czerwinski
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0768-2

Contents

Preface IX
Chapter 1 Design of Cooling Units for Heat Treatment 1
Michal Pohanka and Petr Kotrbáček
Chapter 2 Regenerative Heat Treatment of Low Alloy Cast Steel 21
Grzegorz Golański
Chapter 3 Novel Pt and Pd Based Core-Shell Catalysts
with Critical New Issues of Heat Treatment,
Stability and Durability for Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cells and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells 41
Nguyen Viet Long, Cao Minh Thi,
Masayuki Nogami and Michitaka Ohtaki
Chapter 4 Monitoring the Effects of Thermal Treatment on Properties
and Performance During Battery Material Synthesis 75
Wesley M. Dose and Scott W. Donne
Chapter 5 Heat Treatment in Molecular Precursor Method
for Fabricating Metal Oxide Thin Films 103
Hiroki Nagai and Mitsunobu Sato
Chapter 6 Lithium Niobiosilicate Glasses Thermally Treated 129
Manuel Pedro Fernandes Graça and Manuel Almeida Valente
Chapter 7 Cooling – As a “Heat Treatment” for the Mechanical
Behavior of the Bulk Metallic Glass Alloys 173
E-Wen Huang, Yu-Chieh Lo and Junwei Qiao
Chapter 8 Using "Heat Treatment" Method
for Activation of OPC-Slag Mortars 191
Fathollah Sajedi
Chapter 9 Deformation Reduction of Bearing Rings
by Modification of Heat Treating 215
Anton Panda, Jozef Jurko and Iveta Pandová
VI Contents

Chapter 10 A Review on the Heat Treatment
of Al-Si-Cu/Mg Casting Alloys 229
A.M.A. Mohamed and F.H. Samuel
Chapter 11 Thermochemical Treatment of Metals 247
Frank Czerwinski
Chapter 12 Carbonitriding of Materials in Low Temperature Plasma 287
Angel Zumbilev
Chapter 13 Methodology of Thermal Research
in Materials Engineering 309
Anna Biedunkiewicz
Chapter 14 Effects of Heat Treatments on the Thermoluminescence
and Optically Stimulated Luminescence of Nanostructured
Aluminate Doped with Rare-Earth and
Semi-Metal Chemical Element 351
Sonia Hatsue Tatumi, Alexandre Ventieri, José Francisco Sousa
Bitencourt, Katia Alessandra Gonçalves, Juan Carlos Ramirez
Mittani, René Rojas Rocca and Shiva do Valle Camargo
Chapter 15 Post Deposition Heat Treatment Effects
on Ceramic Superconducting Films Produced
by Infrared Nd:YAG Pulsed Laser Deposition 371
Jeffrey C. De Vero, Rusty A. Lopez,
Wilson O. Garcia and Roland V. Sarmago
Chapter 16 Synthesis, Characterization and Properties
of Zirconium Oxide (ZrO )-Doped Titanium Oxide (TiO )
2 2
Thin Films Obtained via Sol-Gel Process 381
Rabah Bensaha and Hanene Bensouyad

Preface

Heat treatment and surface engineering represent crucial elements in the design and
manufacture of strategic components in a wide range of market sectors and industries
including air, sea and land transportation, energy production, mining, defense or
agriculture. Their influence is broad and of major importance for economics, society
and the environment. Although human metallurgy and heat treatment were practiced
for millennia, an understanding of the science and associated principles has only been
developed in the last century. The progress in heat treatment of bulk alloys was
accompanied by an application of heating/quenching to a modification of metal
surfaces and development of technologies such as case hardening, thermochemical
treatments and coatings, leading in 1980s to a creation of modern surface engineering.
Today, surface engineering is seen as a critical enabling technology underpinning
major industry sectors.
The generally accepted definition of heat treatment is “heating and cooling a solid
metal or alloy in such a way so as to obtain specific conditions and/or properties”.
Thus, heat treatment represents a combination of thermal and also thermochemical
operations aimed at altering mostly physical and mechanical but also chemical
properties of materials without changing the product shape. Its ultimate purpose is to
increase service life of a product by increasing strength and hardness, or prepare the
material for enhanced manufacturability. At a technical level, heat treatment is a
technological process which is conducted in furnaces and involves thermal
phenomena, phase transformations and mechanical phenomena, mainly stresses. The
most pronounced beneficial effect of heat treatment in altering microstructure and
modifying properties is to a range of ferrous alloys and nonferrous alloys of
aluminum, copper, nickel, magnesium or titanium. Of all materials, steel as the most
common and the most important structural material, is particularly suitable for heat
treatment. Heat treatment of steel is inherently associated with an improvement in
strength, ductility, machinability, formability and involves normalizing, annealing,
stress relieving, surface hardening, quenching, tempering, cold and cryogenic
treatment.
The above definition excludes processes where heating and cooling are performed
inadvertently such as welding or forming. A similar case is with metal heating for the
purpose of diffusion bonding. Apart from metals, heat treatment used for non-metallic
X Preface

materials is also excluded from this definition. However, controlled heating and
quenching accompany many modern manufacturing technologies with bulk material
precursors as well as thin films and coatings. Similarly as for bulk metallic alloys,
thermal routes affect the microstructure and properties of bulk non-metallic materials,
particulate forms and thin layers. Understanding and controlling these processes is of
the same importance as in the case of conventional heat treatment.
This book was created by contributions from experts in different fields of materials
science from over 20 countries. It offers a broad review of recent global developments
in an application of thermal and thermochemical processing to modify the
microstructure and properties of a wide range of engineering materials. Although
there is no formal partition of the book, chapters are split into two sections. Part 1,
with chapters 1-8 covers the conventional heat treatment with processing of bearing
rings, wrought and cast steels, aluminum alloys, fundamentals of thermochemical
treatment, details of carbonitriding and a design of cooling units. Part 2, with chapters
9-17 describes a use of non-conventional thermal routes during manufacturing cycles
of such materials as vanadium carbides, titanium dioxide, metallic glasses,
superconducting ceramics, nanoparticles, metal oxides, battery materials and slag
mortars. Each chapter contains a rich selection of references, useful for further reading.
A mixture of conventional and novel applications, exploring a variety of processes
employing heating, quenching and thermal diffusion, makes the book very useful for a
broad audience of scientists and engineers from academia and industry. In order to
benefit from opportunities created by heat treatment, its capabilities for each
individual material and service conditions should be understood and implemented at
the stage of a component design. Since the design stage requires often
multidisciplinary knowledge, metallurgy and heat treatment may not be there the core
expertise. Therefore, I hope that the book will also attract an audience from outside of
metallurgy area not only to generate the genuine interest but also to create new
application opportunities for modern heat treatment and surface engineering.

Frank Czerwinski
CanmetMATERIALS, Natural Resources Canada
Hamilton,
Ontario