Heat treating : including advances in surface engineering, an international symposium in honor of Professor Tom Bell, and Professor Jerome B. Cohen Memorial Symposium on Residual Stresses in the Heat Treatment Industry : proceedings of the 20th conference

1213 Pages·2000·60.431 MB·English

by  Cohen, Jerome Bernard, Funatani, Kiyoshi, Bell, Tom, Totten, George E

Heat Treating
Including
Advances in Surface Engineering:
An International Symposium in
Honor ofProfessor Tom Bell
and
Professor Jerome B. Cohen Memorial Symposium on
Residual Stresses in the
Heat Treatment Industry
Proceedings ofthe20thConference
9-12 October 2000
81. Louis, Missouri
Edited by
Kiyoshi Funatani
George E. Totten
,A5~ Heat hating
~Society
AnAffiliateSocietyofASMInternational
ASM Internatlonal'"
Materials Park, OH 44073-0002
www.asminternational.org
Copyright ©2000
by
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II
International Organizing Committee
Prof. Diran Apelian Dr.Valentin Nemkov
Worcester Polytechnic Institute Centerfor InductionTechnology, Inc.
Worcester, Massachusetts Auburn Hills, Michigan
Prof. Michail S.Blanter Mr.Carmen Paponetti
Moscow State Academy of Industrial Engineering HITecMetal Group, Inc.
and Information Science Cleveland, Ohio
Moscow, Russia
Mr.George Pfaffmann
Prof. Haydn Chen TOCCO,lnc.
University of Illinois Madison Heights, Michigan
Urbana, Illinois
Mr.Dale A. Poteet, Jr.
Ms.Chandni Dattamajumdar Innovative MetallurgicalTechnology
HiTecMetal Group, Inc. Pewaukee, Wisconsin
Cleveland, Ohio
Dr.Sanjay Shrivastava
Mr.Charles H.Faulkner Edwards Lifesciences
Houghton International Inc. Irvine, California
ValleyForge, Pennsylvania
Mr. Fred R.Specht
Dr.Kiyoshi Funatani,FASM Ajax Magnethermic Corp.
Parkerizing Company, Ltd. Warren, Ohio
Nagoya, Japan
Mr.William D.Stofey
Mr.RobertJ.Gaster American Ultra Specialties, Inc.
Deere & Company Hudson, Ohio
Moline, Illinois
Dr.JohnStringer
Prof.Tatsuo Inoue, FASM Electric Power Research Institute
KyotoUniversity Palo Alto, California
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto,Japan
Mr.JackTitus
Mr.LarryJarvis Holcroft, Inc.
Tenaxol Inc. Livonia, Michigan
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
Dr.GeorgeE.Totten, FASM
Prof. Hong Liang Union Carbide Corporation
Universityof Alaska Fairbanks Tarrytown, NewYork
Fairbanks, Alaska
Prof.JorgeCarlosVega
Prof.Jian Lu Catholic Universityof Cordoba
Universite deTechnologie deTroyes Guadalajara, Argentina
Troyes,France
Dr.Lin Xie
Mr.D.ScottMacKenzie SolidWorks Inc.
The Boeing Company Concord, Massachusetts
St.Louis, Missouri
Prof. Kewei Xu
Ms.Sandy J.Midea Xi'an Jiatong University
Metal 1 Xi'an, China
BroadviewHeights, Ohio
Prof. Philip G.Nash
Illinois Institute ofTechnology
Chicago, Illinois
HI
Preface
The 2000 annual ASM Heat Treating Society Conference and Exposition was held in
St. Louis, Missouri. A number of excellent international symposia were held including:
Advances in Surface Engineering: An International Symposium inHonorof ProfessorTom
Bell Professor Jerome B.Cohen Symposium on Residual Stresses inthe HeatTreatment
Industry, Symposium on Retained Austenite, Symposium on Quenching and Distortion,
and others. Taken together, these symposia provided the ASM-HTS membership with an
outstanding, state-of-the-art overview of the most vital technologies of importance to the
heattreating industrytoday.
These proceedings are a product of the Annual Heat Treating Society Conference.
Submission of manuscripts was not a requirement for speaking at the conference;
consequently, there are some speakers who chose notto prepare a manuscript. Many of
thespeakersattheconferenceconscientiouslyagreedtospendthetimeandeffortnecessary
topreparethese manuscripts.Wecertainlywishtoexpressourappreciationtotheseauthors.
Wealsothankyou,the attendees, forparticipating inthisevent.Youarethe mostimportant
part ofthis activity.Conferences are not only important for the information exchanged, but
evenmore importantly, they are an absolutelyvital part of professional growth through the
formation of an international network ofcolleagues.
Forplanning purposes, pleasenotethatthe2001AnnualConferenceandExposition willbe
held 5to 8 November2001, in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.
Kiyoshi Funatani,Ph.D.,FASM
Parkerizing Company Ltd.
Nagoya, Japan
Co-Chair
George E.Totten
Union Carbide Corporation
Tarrytown, NewYork,USA
Co-Chair
IV
Contents
Advances in Surface Engineering:
An International Symposium in Honor of ProfessorTom Bell
Tom Bell-The Early Days 1
J.Stringer, Electric PowerResearch Institute, Palo Alto, California
The International Impact of Bell's Career 3
R.B. Wood, InternationalFederation for HeatTreating andSurface Engineering, Guilford, United
Kingdom
Tom Bell's Impact on HeatTreatment in Sweden 7
T. Holm, AGA AB, Lidingo, Sweden
v.,
J.Slycke, SKFERC B. Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
pp Processing: OES Diagnostics and Rare Earths 13
D.Cleugh, T. Bell, The UniversityofBirmingham, Birmingham, UnitedKingdom
A Kinetic Study of LowTemperature Plasma Carburizing of Austenitic Stainless Steels 20
Y. Sun, NanyangTechnologicalUniversity, Singapore
T. Bell, The UniversityofBirmingham, Birmingham, UnitedKingdom
Published Papers 25
T. Bell, The UniversityofBirmingham, Birmingham, UnitedKingdom
Advanced Hard Coatings-TheirResponse to AggressiveWear Environments 39
RA Dearnley, UniversityofLeeds, Leeds, UnitedKingdom
The Use of Controlled Post HeatTreatment Cleaning and Peening to Enhancethe Fatigue
Strength and Reliability of Case Carburized Gears 46
BA Shaw, R.Ashby, J.T. Evans, UniversityofNewcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UnitedKingdom
R O'Hara, Metal ImprovementCompanyInc., Newbury, UnitedKingdom
Effect of Alloying Elements and Carbo-Nitriding on Resistance to Softening during
Tempering and Contact Fatigue Strength of Chromium-Containing Steels 52
Y. Watanabe, N.Narita, Nissan MotorCompany, Ltd., Yokohama, Japan
Y. Matsushima, K.Iwasaki, Kobe Steel, Ltd., Kobe, Japan
Characterization of Retained Austenite in Case Carburized Gears and Its Influence on
Fatigue Performance 62
B.A Shaw, F.B.Abudaia, J.T. Evans, UniversityofNewcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne,
UnitedKingdom
Using ComputerSimulation to Improve a Carburization Process 70
AM. Freborg, B.L. Ferguson, Deformation ControlTechnology, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
R.W Larson, Dana Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Predicting the HeatTreat Response ofa Carburized Helical Gear 79
B.L.Ferguson, AM. Freborg, Deformation ControlTechnology, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
M.L. Callabresi, TechnicalConsultant, Livermore, California
v
The Mechanical Properties of Hard Coatings-Experimental and Simulation Results 87
H. Oettel, T. Bertram, R.Wiedemann, Freiberg UniversityofMiningand Technology, Freiberg,
Germany
V Weihnacht, Institute ofSolidState, Physics, andMaterials Research, Dresden, Germany
The Use of Fluidised Bed Reactors for ChemicalVapour DepositionThermochemical and
Thermoreactive DiffusionTreatmentson Ferrous and Non Ferrous Alloys 93
R.W Reynoldson, QualityHeatTechnologies Pty.Ltd., Melbourne Victoria, Australia
Characteristics of Residual Stresses inTi-N Films Coated by Plasma Enhanced Chemical
Vapor Deposition 101
K.Xu, S.Ma, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
V Ji, ENSAM, Paris, France
Effectof Chlorine Ion Implantation on CrN Coating inTribology 107
M.Tamura, T.Aizawa, The UniversityofTokyo, Tokyo, Japan
H. Kuwahara, Research Institute forAppliedSciences, Kyoto, Japan
A.Mitsuo, TokyoMetropolitan IndustrialTechnology Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
Residual Stresses and Distortion Dueto the HeatTreatment Process-Simulation and
Experiment 115
C.Franz, H. MOiler, D.Lone, UniversityofKarlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
R.KObler, BOSCHGmbH, Stuttgart, Germany
Prediction of the Processing Windowand Hardenabilityfor Austempered Ductile Iron 121
S.H. Zahiri, E.V.Pereloma, C.H.J. Davies, Monash University, Clayton Victoria, Australia
Metallo-Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Laser-Quenching Process ofSome Steels 129
K.Nakasaki, Shiga Polytechnic Center, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
T. Inoue, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
RecentTrends in Surface Modification of Light Metals 138
K.Funatani, Parkerizing Company, Ltd., Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
Surface ModificationofTitanium Alloys by High-Frequency InductionThermochemical
Processing (INTERPROCESS)TM 145
S.M. Gugel, Sanova-Polytech, Inc., New York, New York
Superplasticity,Superplastic Forming and Diffusion Bonding of Aluminum Alloys 155
N. Ridley, UniversityofManchesterandUMIST,Manchester, UnitedKingdom
TheoryandTechnology of Surface Alloying of Iron,Aluminum,Copper andTitanium with
LaserHeating 165
Y. Kogan, AR Company, Tarzana, California
CurrentStatus andTrends in Duplex SurfaceEngineering ofTitanium Alloys 170
H. Dong, The UniversityofBirmingham, Birmingham, UnitedKingdom
Austenitizationand Carbide Dissolution of High SpeedTool Steel AISI-M2 in ShortTime
Heating 177
K.Ozaki, T. Urita, Y.Matsuda, Daido SteelCompany, Ltd., Nagoya, Japan
H.Koga, Neturen Company, Ltd., Kanagawa, Japan
VI
Monitoringand Controlling theTemperature in a High PowerDirect Diode Laser Surface
Hardening Application 183
C.M.Cook, J.M. Haake, Nuvonyx, Inc., Bridgeton, Missouri
LowTemperature Carburizing of Austenitic Steels 192
F.T. Hoffmann, D.GOnther,M.Jung, P. Magr, IWT,Bremen, Germany
A Few Remarks on Plasma Nitriding Behavior of Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless
Steels 198
z.
S.Jenosi, Kolozsvary, V. Sandor, A Rusu, S.C.Plasmaterm S.A, Tg-Mures, Romania
Modelingand Control of Nitride Layer Growth Kinetics onthe Nitralloy 135M Alloy 208
L.Maldzinski, ~ Liliental, J.Tacikowski, G.Tymowski, Nitrex Metal, Inc., St.Laurent, Quebec,
Canada
Structure and Properties of Plasma Nitrided Austenitic Stainless Steel 217
X.Zhu, H. Huang, K Xu, J.He, Xf'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republicof China
TheEffectof Profileof Residual Stresses and Hardness on Fatigue of Nitrided Layers 222
A Nakonieczny, InstituteofPrecision Mechanics, Warsaw, Poland
Graded Hardness Design inthe Surface Modified Steels by Plasma Nitriding 227
N.Granito, The UniversityofTokyo, Tokyo,Japan
H. Kuwahara, Research Institute forAppliedScience, Kyoto,Japan
T.Aizawa, Research CenterforAdvancedScience andTechnology, Tokyo, Japan
Effect of Initial Microstructureand Austenitising Conditions on the Impact Properties of
an Austempered Ductile Iron 233
M. Grech, M.H.AAlaalom, UniversityofMalta, Msida, Malta
NovelThermochemical Diffusion Processes inVacuum Furnaces for Steel Components 242
B.Edenhofer, M.Lohrmann, W Greien, Ipsen InternationalGmbH, Kleve, Germany
Surface Oxides and Bending Fatigue in Gas-Carburized SAE 4320 Steels 249
KC. Evanson, CaterpillarInc., Peoria, Illinois
G.Krauss, D.K Matlock, Colorado SchoolofMines, Golden, Colorado
Shot Peening and Stress Peening of AISI4140 at ElevatedTemperatures-Effects on
Fatigue Strength and Stability of Residual Stresses 257
R.Menig, V. Schulze, 0. Vohringer, UniversityofKarlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany
A Wick, G.Rau GmbHandCompany, Pforzheim, Germany
Dual Phase in Commercial Grade Steels Prepared by Nitriding 265
H.Kuwahara, Research Institute forAppliedSciences, Kyoto,Japan
T.Aizawa, N. Granito, The UniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan
HeatTreating and Mechanical Properties of 5Cr8M02WSiV and Its Application to
Wood-Chip Cutting Knives 272
X.Luo, X. Cheng, Jiangsu UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, People's
RepUblicofChina
F.Jiang, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's RepublicofChina
vii
Laser Quenching of Ultra-Thin Steel Wire-Simulation and Experiments 278
A Sakuma, T. Matsumoto, M.Kagawa, Yamaguchi University, Ube,Yamaguchi, Japan
Y.Tokunaga, MarubeniFine SteelCompany, Ltd., Onoda, Japan
Advances inVacuum Metallurgy-Effectson the HeatTreatment and Surface Engineering
of Metals 284
AS. Korhonen, E.Harju, HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology, Espoo, Finland
Advanced Process and FurnaceTechnologyfor Case Hardening Using Low-Pressureand
Plasma Carburizing Combined with Gas Quenching 290
M.Lohrmann, W Greten, Ipsen InternationalGmbH, Kleve, Germany
Atmospherefor High QualityTube Annealing 296
T. Holm, S.Wiberg, R.Andersson, AGA AB, Lidingo, Sweden
C.Moran, AGA Gas, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
High-Efficiency Atmospheric Carburizing 301
L. Lefevre, D.Domergue, M.Buffin, AirLiquide, Les Loqes-en-Joses, France
An Updateon Low PressureVacuum CarburizingTechniques and Experiences 306
D.H.Herring, Ipsen International, Inc., Rockford, Illinois
In-Line Hardening with Magnetic-Field Heating 316
S.Segerberg, IVF,Molndal, Sweden
RE. Naslund, MagnetteknikInternational, Forsheda, Sweden
Developmentand Application of Induction HardeningSimulation for Processing
Production Components 321
A V.Reddy, J.Cai, CDI Corporation, Peoria, Illinois
L.Chuzhoy, Caterpillar, lnc., Peoria, Illinois
D.L.Lowry, Caterpillar, tnc., Aurora, Illinois
M.G.Olmstead, B.G. Luebbers, Caterpillar, lnc., Decatur, Illinois
InductionThermochemical Processing (INTERPROCESS)TM inLiquid Active Media (LAM)-
A New Direction in HeatTreatingTechnology for 21st Century 327
S.M. Gugel, Sanova-Polytech, tnc., New York, NewYork
SurfaceEngineering of Iron-Base Alloys by High-Frequency Induction Carburizing
(INCARB)TM 338
S.M. Gugel, Sanova-Polytech, Inc., New York, NewYork
Wear Behavioronthe Nitrided Steels 347
N. Granito, T.Aizawa, The UniversityofTokyo, Tokyo,Japan
H.Kuwahara, Research Institute forAppliedSciences, Kyoto,Japan
AbrasiveWear Resistanceof a Fe Based Hard Coating Containing Cr and Nb 353
on.
L.G.F.Canale, Crnkovic, AF. Farah, C.Ferrarini, EESC-Univeridade de Sao Paulo,
Sao Peulo,Brazil
Wear and Fretting Fatigue Behaviorof Plasma Nitrided Martensitic Stainless Steel 359
L.E.Pereira, WW Bose, L.C.Casteletti, R.M.M.Riofano, D.Spinelli, UniversityofSao Paulo,
Sao Carlos, Brazil
VIII
Improvement ofTribological Behavior inThin Hard Coatings by Chlorine Ion Implantation 366
T.Aizawa,TheUniversityofTokyo, Tokyo, Japan
A. Mitsuo, Tokyo MetropolitanIndustrialTechnologyResearchInstitute, Tokyo, Japan
Effect of HeatTreatment onthe Low-Cycle Fatigue Strength of Aluminum Alloy 1420 373
A.V. Sverdlin, BradleyUniversity, Peoria, Illinois
Professor JeromeB.Cohen Memorial Symposium on
Residual Stresses intheHeatTreatment Industry
Introductionto the Prestress Engineering Approach 382
J.Lu,UniversiiedeTechnologie deTroyes, Troyes, France
Residual Stress Induced by HeatTreatmentandThermochemicalTreatment 392
T. Ericsson, LinkopingUniversity, Linkoping,Sweden
Sub-Grain Measurementof Stress with a 3-D X-Ray Microscope 402
.u.
G.E.lce, B.C.Larson,F.J. Walker, K-S. Chung,W Yang, J.D. Budai, Tischler, N.Tamura,
OakRidgeNationalLaboratory, OakRidge,Tennessee
H.Chen, J.-S.Chung, UniversityofIllinois, Urbana, Illinois
W Lowe, HowardUniversity, WashingtonD.C.
Residual Stress MeasurementwithTwo-Dimensional Diffraction 408
B.a.He,BrukerAXS, Madison, Wisconsin
The Influenceof Residual Stress on Fatigue Strength of Carburized Gears 418
K Funatani, IMST, Nagoya, Japan
The Effect of ColdWork ontheThermal Stability of Residual Compression inSurface
Enhanced IN718 426
PS.Ptevey, LambdaResearch, Cincinnati,Ohio
Residual Stresses in Green Bodies of Steel Powder andTheir Relaxation during
HeatTreatment 435
PLuukkonen, T. Ericsson, LinkopingUniversity, Linkoping,Sweden
Simulation and ExperimentalVerification of Residual Stresses and Distortion during
Quenching of Steel 441
D.Y.Ju,SaitamaInstituteofTechnology, Okabe,Japan
M.Narazaki, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya, Japan
ThreeTypes of IntensiveWater Quenching andTheir Future Applications 448
N.I. Kobasko, EngineeringThermophysicsInstitute, Kiev, Ukraineand10Technologies, Inc.,
Akron,Ohio
Effect of Uneven Residual Stresses on Dimensional Changes andVariations ofThrough
Hardening Bearing Steel Rings 455
J.Volkmuth, SKFGmbH, Schweinfurt,Germany
U. Sjoblom, SKFGroupTechnical Development, Gothenburg, Sweden
J.S/ycke, SKF Engineering& ResearchCenter, Nieuwegein,TheNetherlands
A.Thuvander, SwedishInstituteforMetalsResearch, Stockholm, Sweden
ix
ImprovementinDuctility by Controlling Grain Boundary Structures in High
Purity Chromium 461
M.Morinaga, Y. Murata, T. Maruta, T. Kanamori, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
Y.Harada, Toyohashi UniversityofTechnology, Toyohashi,Japan
M.Fujine, Japan Ultra-high Temperature Materials Research Institute, Tajimi, Japan
Y.Matsumoto, Oita NationalCollegeofTechnology, Oita, Japan
Kinetic Study oftheTetragonal-to-Monoclinic PhaseTransformation of Zirconia-Yttria
Alloys 466
M.Hayakawa, L.Wang, H.Tottori, Tottori University, Koyama, Tottori, Japan
Variations inHardnessValues and DiameterChangein 1018 and 4340 Steel Jominy Bars 470
R.L. Kenyeri, R.P.Foley, Illinois Institute ofTechnology, Chicago, Illinois
Retained Austenite Program
The Use of Retained Austenite inthe Study of PhaseTransformations 479
D.V. Edmonds, UniversityofLeeds, Leeds, UnitedKingdom
Observation of Retained Austenite byElectron Backscatter Diffraction in Austempered
Ductile Cast Iron (ADI) 491
T.J. Marrow, H.Cetinel, N. Wardman, T. Brough, H.Bolyan, UM/STandUniversityofManchester,
Manchester, UnitedKingdom
Influence ofthe Austenite Matrix Microstructureon the PhaseTransformations during
Austempering of DuctileIron 497
R.Boeri, J.Sikora, INTEMA-NationalUniversityofMar del Plata-CON/CET, Mardel Plata,
Argentina
Retained Austenite in Martensitic Steels with 15% Cr and Carbon, Nitrogenor Both 503
V. Gavriljuk, Institute for MetalPhysics, Kiev, Ukraine
H.Berns, RuhrUniversityBochum, Bochum, Germany
Instrumented Charpy Impact Studies of Dynamic Crack Propagation inMartensite-
Retained Austenite Microstructures 509
S.H.Magner, WN. Weins, Universityof Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
Interaction ofSolute Atoms in Austenite 515
M.S.Blanter, MoscowState AcademyofInstrumentalEngineering andInformation Science,
Moscow, Russia
L.B.Magalas, UniversityofMining andMetallurgy, Krakow, Poland
Characterization of the Substructure of Retained Austenite byX-Ray Diffraction 524
J.D.Makinson, WN. Weins, UniversityofNebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska
Effect of Retained Austenite on Short Fatigue Cracks inAustempered Ductile
Cast Iron(ADI) 528
T.J. Marrow, H. Cetinel, G.S.Wang, H.Bayati, UM/STandUniversityofManchester, Manchester,
United Kingdom
Mechanical Stabilization of Retained Austenite inTRIP-Assisted MultiphaseSteels 535
S.Godet, F. Delannay, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-Ia Neuve, Belgium
P.J. Jacques, McGillUniversity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
x