Heart Failure: Frontiers in Cardiology

255 Pages·2000·7.61 MB·English

by  Gary S. Francis (auth.)

Springer
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A. Kitabatake, S. Sasayama, G.S. Francis
(EdsJ
Heart Failure
Frontiers in Cardiology
With 71 Figures, Including 1 in Color
Springer
Editors:
AKIRA KrrABATAKE, M.D., Ph.D.
Director and Chairman
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 068-8638, Japan
SmGETAKE SASAYAMA, M.D., Ph.D.
Director and Chairman
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
GARY S. FRANCIS, M.D.
Director
Coronary and Intensive Care Unit, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Professor of Medicine
Department of Cardiology, Ohio State University
F25, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OR 44195, USA
Associate Editor:
HIROSHI OKAMOTO, M.D., Ph.D.
Associate Professor
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine
Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638, Japan
ISBN-13: 978-4-431-68333-9 e-ISBN-13: 978-4-431-68331-5
DOl: 10.1007/978-4-431-68331-5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Heart failure: frontiers in cardiology / A.Kitabatake, S.Sasayama, G.S.Francis,(eds.).
p.cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-4-431-68333-9
I. Heart failure. I. Kitabatake, Akira. II. Sasayama, Shigetake, 1937-III. Francis, Gary
S., 1943-
[DNLM: I. Heart Failure, Congestive--physiopathology 2. Heart Failure,
Congestive--therapy WG 370 2000]
RC685.C53 H436 2000
616.1'29--dc21
00-021752
Printed on acid-free paper
© Springer-Verlag Tokyo 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 2000
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therefore free for general use.
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Preface
In October 1998, the 2nd Annual Scientific Meeting of the Japanese Heart Failure
Society was held in Sapporo. Our major objective was to curb heart failure
through research, education, and clinical practice. The spectrum of presentations
ranged from molecular biology to epidemiology, and from gene therapy to cardio
vascular systemic therapy. The molecular biologist, the physiologist, the clinician,
the surgeon, and the health service researchet need to go hand in hand as allies
in complementary efforts for the common goal of ultimately preventing death
from heart failure.
In the Meeting, open and frank discussions took place, and more than a
thousand participants could exchange scientific and educational opinions. There
were many excellent presentations, from both Japan and other countries, which
are published in this monograph as a record of our achievement.
Heart failure is thought to be a syndrome in which cardiac output does not
keep pace with the peripheral demands for blood flow, and cardiac dysfunction
is associated with reduced exercise tolerance, a high incidence of ventricular
arrhythmias, and shortened life expectancy (Jay N. Cohn, Circulation 78:1099,
1988). The principal functions of the heart are to accept blood from the systemic
and pulmonary circulatory systems, and pump and deliver it to all body tissues
and to the lungs. For a long period, the term "heart failure" has been used to
describe the pathophysiological state in which mechanical disorders of the heart
and vessels are responsible for failure of the heart to pump blood at a rate
commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues, and its treat
ment has been based on improving impaired cardiac function and hemodynamic
disorder. Recently multicenter, randomized placebo-controlled trials revealed
that drugs interfering with the renin-angiotensin system and the sympathetic
nervous system reduced mortality. These drugs are angiotensin-converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and ~ blockers. ACE inhibitors reduce the direct
effects of angiotensin II on myocardial cells, which may lead to cell necrosis and
imbalanced remodeling through fibrosis. The local tissue renin-angiotensin
system may be potentially important in regulating angiotensin II production in
both heart and vessels. Down-regulation of ~ receptors, impaired coupling of
adenylyl cyclase, and increased inhibitory G proteins are thought to be related to
VI Preface
catecholamine insensitivity in the failing myocardium. Overall, the above two
types of drug have beneficial effects on the treatment of heart failure, reinforcing
the view that heart failure might be both a hemodynamic and a neurohumoral
disorder. Because supression of neurohumoral activation prolongs the life of
patients with heart failure, angiotensin receptor antagonists and endothelin
antagonists have been in use clinically.
Nevertheless, heart failure is still a critical condition and threatens human life.
All we have done is take the first step toward understanding and combating heart
failure. I have a dream that in the 21st century, newly developed techniques and
methods can solve some problems in heart failure. To accomplish our task, there
is a need to further understand heart failure to integrate knowledge on genetic,
functional, and structural abnormalities.
Heart Failure: Frontiers in Cardiology presents topics of current interest
in the field of heart failure. The authors are outstanding authorities who have
made many major contributions in their field. This book provides details of new
insights in the pathophysiology of heart failure, cardiac sudden death, medical
and surgical treatment of heart failure, and promising gene therapy for heart
failure.
I would like to thank all the authors for their contributions. In addition, I wish
to thank Drs. Gary S. Francis and Shigetake Sasayama, for their co-editing.
Finally, I hope that the entire contents will be of interest not only to basic
researchers but also to the practicing physician, and that this book will have an
impact on all researchers concerned with heart failure.
AKIRA KITABATAKE
Contents
Preface ........................................................ V
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI
Part 1 New Insights in the Pathophysiology of Heart Failure
1.1 Neurohormones in Advanced Heart Failure
G.S. FRANCIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Recent Progress in Natriuretic Hormone Research
H. MATSUO .................................................. 25
1.3 Cytokines and Heart Failure: Pathophysiological Roles and
Therapeutic Implications
A. MATSUMORI ............................................... 35
1.4 Endothelium Dysfunction in Heart Failure: A Review
T. IMAIZUMI ................................................. 47
1.5 Pathogenesis of Myocardial Injury and Cell Death in
Myocarditis: Its Relation to the FaslFas Ligand Pathway
M. HIROE and T. TOYOZAKI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.6 Mechanisms of Acute Cardioprotection with Ischemic
Preconditioning: Protein Kinase C and Beyond
K. PRZYKLENK ............................................... 71
1.7 Role of NO in Myocardial Injury Induced by Oxidative Stress:
Ischemia, Myocarditis, Cardiomyopathy, and Heart Failure
T. KUZUYA and M. NISHIDA .................................... 81
1.8 Cardiac Remodeling: Role of Neovascularization in Heart Failure
H. OKAMOTO, M. WATANABE, H. KUMAMOTO, S. CHIBA,
K. YONEYA, H. ONOZUKA, T. MIKAMI, H. KAWAGUCHI,
K. ABE, and A. KITABATAKE .................................... 89
VII
VIII Contents
Part 2 Heart Failure and Cardiac Sudden Death
2.1 Long QT Syndrome as a Cause of Cardiac Sudden Death
M. HORIE, H. YOSHIDA, H. OTANI, T. AI, T. NISHIMOTO,
T. HARUNA, Y. KONO, and S. SASAYAMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 105
2.2 ICD Therapy: Can It Prevent Sudden Death in CHF Patients?
K. T AKEICHI, N. MATSUDA, and H. KASANUKI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
2.3 Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Sudden Cardiac Death in CHF
Guided by the Sicilian Gambit
S. OGAWA ................................................... 121
Part 3 Medical Treatment of Heart Failure:
Beyond ACE Inhibitors
3.1 Clinical Practice Guidelines in Heart Failure: State of the Art in the
United States
M.A. KONSTAM and D.W. BAKER ............................... 129
3.2 Beyond ACE Inhibitors: Angiotensin II Antagonism in Heart
Failure, An Emerging Role for Losartan
R. SEGAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.3 Beta-blockers in Heart Failure: Where Do We Stand Today?
F. W AAGSTEIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
3.4 Endothelin Antagonism in the Treatment of Heart Failure
T. MIYAUCHI and Y. SUGISHITA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
3.5 Heart Failure: Potential Benefit of Growth Hormone Therapy
L. SACCA, A. CITTADINI, S. LONGOBARDI, and S. FAZIO.... .. . ... ..... 175
3.6 Role of Adenosine in Cardioprotection
M. KITAKAZE, T. MINAMINO, K. NODE, S. TAKASHIMA, H. FUNAYA,
T. KUZUYA, and M. HORI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Part 4 Gene Therapy for Heart Failure:
Current Status and Future Prospects
4.1 In Vivo Gene Supplementation for the Therapy of Cardiomyopathy
T. KAWADA, Y. NAKATSURU, A. SAKAMOTO, T. KOIZUMI, W.S. SHIN,
M. NAKAZAWA, 1. SUZUKI, T. NAKAJIMA, Y. UEHARA, T. T AKATO,
H. SATO, T. ISHIKAWA, and T. TOYO-OKA .......... . ....... . ... . .... 199
Contents IX
4.2 ~-Adrenergic Receptor Desensitization in Cardiac Disease:
Insights from Gene-Targeted Mice
D.-J. CHOI, w.J. KOCH, and H.A. ROCKMAN ....................... 209
4.3 Gene Therapy for Myocardial Infarction: A Real Medicine in the
Next Millenium?
R. MORISHITA, M. AOKI, H. NAKAGAMI, Y. T ANIYAMA,
K. YAMAMOTO, H. MATSUSHITA, K. MATSUMOTO, J. HIGAKI,
Y. KANEDA, and T. OGIHARA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
4.4 From Scar Tissues to Viable Myocytes: A Novel Therapeutic
Strategy for the Treatment of Heart Failure
I. SHIOJIMA, I. KOMURO, and Y. Y AZAKI ........................... 227
Part 5 Surgical Treatment for Heart Failure
5.1 Treatment of Profound Heart Failure by Ventricular Assist System
H. TAKANO and T. NAKATANI................................... 237
5.2 Left Ventriculoplasty for End-Stage Cardiomyopathy
H. SUMA .................................................... 249
Subject Index ................................................... 255
Contributors
Choi, Dong-Ju Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular
Research Institute
Gyeong-Sang National University, Chinju
Korea
Francis, Gary S. The George M. and Linda H. Kaufman Center for
Heart Failure
Coronary Intensive Care Unit, Cleveland Clinic
Foundation, Cardiology Department
9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
USA
Hiroe, Michiaki Division of Cardiology
Second Department of Internal Medicine
Tokyo Medical and Dental University
1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0014
Japan
Horie, Minoru Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Kyoto University School of Medicine
Shogoin, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8507
Japan
Imaizumi, Tsutomu Third Department of Internal Medicine
Kurume University School of Medicine
67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011
Japan
Kasanuki, Hiroshi Department of Cardiology
The Heart Institute of Tokyo Women's Medical
University
8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666
Japan
XI
XII Contributors
Kawada, Tomie Pharmacy Division
Niigata University Medical Hospital
Niigata 951-8520
Japan
Kitakaze, Masafumi First Department of Medicine
Osaka University School of Medicine
2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita 565-0871
Japan
Konstam, Marvin A. Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology
New England Medical Center and Tufts University
School of Medicine
Boston MA
USA
Kuzuya, Tsunehiko Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology
Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871
Japan
Matsumori, Akira Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine
Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8397
Japan
Matsuo, Hisayuki Research Institute National Cardiovascular Center
5-7-1, Fujishirodai, Suita, Osaka 565-8565
Japan
Miyauchi, Takashi Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal
Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine
University of Tsukuba
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575
Japan
Morishita, Ryuichi Division of Gene Therapy Science
Osaka University Medical School
2-2 Yamada-ok a Suita, Osaka 565-0871
Japan
Ogawa, Satoshi Cardiopulmonary Division, Department of Medicine
Keio University School of Medicine
35 Shinano-machi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582
Japan
Okamoto, Hiroshi Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Hokkaido University School of Medicine
Kita-15, Nishi-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8638
Japan