Hearing: An Introduction to Psychological and Physiological Acoustics, Fourth Edition

513 Pages·2004·8.81 MB·English

by  Gelfand

HEARING
AN INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL
AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ACOUSTICS
FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND EXPANDED

HEARING
AN INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGICAL
AND PHYSIOLOGICAL ACOUSTICS
FOURTH EDITION, REVISED AND EXPANDED
Stanley A. Gelfand, Ph.D.
Department of Linguistics and Communication Disorders
Queens College of the City University of New York
Flushing, New York
Ph.D. Program in Speech and Hearing Sciences
Graduate School of the City University of New York
New York, New York
MARCEL DEKKER NEW YORK
5652-2_Gelfand_Prelims_R1_072104
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5652-2_Gelfand_Dedication_R1_072104
To Janice
In loving memory
MD:GELFAND,JOB: 03338,PAGE:iii
5652-2_Gelfand_Dedication_R1_072104
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5652-2_Gelfand_Preface_R1_072104
Preface
This is the fourth edition of a textbook intended to introduce the beginning
graduatestudenttothesciencesofhearing,aswellastorekindletheinterestsof
the experienced reader. Students of hearing science are often faced with the
frustrating dilemma imposed by textbooks that are either too basic or too ad-
vanced. This problem is complicated by the widely divergent backgrounds of
those who become interested in hearing. The idea is to provide a volume suf-
ficiently detailed to be useful as a core text, yet not so dependent upon prior
knowledge that it would be beyond the grasp of most students.
Itisdoubtfulthatallofthematerialcoveredinthistextwouldbeaddressed
inasingle,onesemestercourse.Itismorelikelythatthisbookmightbeusedas
a core text for a two-course sequence dealing with psychological and physio-
logical acoustics, along with appropriately selected readings from the research
literature and state-of-the-art books. Suggested readings are provided in con-
text throughout the text to provide a firm foundation for further study.
As a fourth edition, this book has been influenced considerably by the
comments and suggestions provided by colleagues and graduate students for
whom it is principally intended. As a result of their input, the basic approach,
structure, format, and the general (and often irregular) depth of coverage used
intheearliereditionshavebeenmaintainedwhereverpossible;manynewand
revisedfigureshavebeenincluded;andthepracticesofprovidingreferencesat
the end of each chapter and liberally referring the reader to other sources for
further study have been retained.
Hearing science is an exciting area of study because ofits broad, interdis-
ciplinary scope, and even more because it is vital and dynamic. Research
continuouslyprovidesnewinformationtoexpandontheoldandalsocausesus
to rethink what was once well established. The reader (particularly the begin-
ningstudent)isremindedthatnewfindingsoccasionallydisprovethe‘‘laws’’of
the past. Thus, this textbook should be treated as a first step; it is by no means
the final word.
Withtheseideasinmind,theprincipalgoalsofthiseditionweretopresent
new topics and update the existing text and references to reflect developments
v
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5652-2_Gelfand_Preface_R1_072104
vi Preface
inthefield.However,someofthehardestdecisionsinvolvedchoosingmaterial
that could be streamlined, replaced or omitted without loosing the orientation
and flavor of the book. This wasdone while being ever mindfulthat this text is
meant for students with broadly different backgrounds and interests, and is by
no stretch of the imagination intended to be a ‘‘state-of-the-art’’ treatise.
Mysincerestthanksareexpressedtothenumerouscolleaguesandstudents
who provided me with valuable suggestions that have been incorporated into
this edition. I am especially indebted to my current and former colleagues and
students in the Department of Linguistics and Communication Disorders at
Queens College and the Ph.D. Program in Speech and Hearing Sciences at the
City University of New York. Thank you all for being continuous examples of
excellence and for your valued friendships. I am also grateful to the dedicated
andtalentedstaffofMarcelDekker,Inc.,whocontributedsomuchtothisbook,
andgraciouslyarrangedforthepreparationoftheindicesandtheproofreading
of the final page proofs.
At the risk ofinadvertently omitting several, I would like to thank the fol-
lowing people for their influence and support which have taken forms too
numeroustomention:SandraBeberman,MoeBergman,DanaBigelow,Arthur
Boothroyd, Helen Cairns, Joseph Danto, Lillian and Sol Gelfand, Irving Hoch-
berg, Gertrude and Oscar Katzen, John Lutolf, Tara McCartney, Neil Piper,
Teresa Schwander, Stanley Schwartz, ShlomoSilman, CarolSilverman,Harris,
Helen and GabeTopel, and Mark Weiss.Very special gratitude is expressedto
Harry Levitt, who will always be my professor, and to Maurice H. Miller, who
suggested that I prepare the first edition of this book. They have always been
and continue to be cherished sources of advice, inspiration and confidence.
Finally, my deepest gratitude goes to Janice, the love of my life, whose
memorywillalwaysbeablessingandinspiration;andtomychildren,Michael,
Joshua, and Jessica, for their love, support, confidence, and unparalleled
patience.
StanleyA.Gelfand
MD:GELFAND,JOB: 03338,PAGE:vi
5652-2_Gelfand_Contents_R1_072104
Contents
Preface v
1 PHYSICAL CONCEPTS 1
Physical Quantities / Decibel Notation / Harmonic Motion and Sound /
Combining Waves / Complex Waves / Filters / Standing Waves / Impedance
2 ANATOMY 37
Gross Anatomy and Overview / Temporal Bone / Outer and Middle Ear /
Inner Ear / Innervation / Central Auditory Pathways
3 CONDUCTIVE MECHANISM 85
Outer Ear / Bone Conduction / The Acoustic Reflex
4 COCHLEAR MECHANISMS AND PROCESSES 121
Classical Theories of Hearing / Action of Sensory Receptors / The Traveling
Wave / Hair Cell Activation / Mechanoelectrical Transduction / Cochlear
Electrical Potentials / Cochlear Tuning and Frequency Selectivity / Cochlear
Nonlinearity / Otoacoustic Emissions / Active Processes and the Cochlear
Amplifier
5 AUDITORY NERVE 179
Frequency Coding / Intensity Coding / Speech Coding / Whole-Nerve Action
Potentials
6 AUDITORY PATHWAYS 209
Tonotopic Organization / Binaural Coding / Averaged Evoked Auditory
Potentials / Effects of Cortical Ablation / Olivocochlear Efferent System
vii
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