Table Of ContentRECENT ADVANCES
IN PLASTICIZERS
Edited by Mohammad Luqman
Recent Advances in Plasticizers
Edited by Mohammad Luqman
Published by InTech
Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
Copyright © 2012 InTech
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Publishing Process Manager Iva Simcic
Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic
Cover Designer InTech Design Team
First published March, 2012
Printed in Croatia
A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com
Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected]
Recent Advances in Plasticizers, Edited by Mohammad Luqman
p. cm.
ISBN 978-953-51-0363-9
Contents
Preface IX
Chapter 1 Flexidone™ – A New Class of Innovative PVC Plasticizers 1
Martin Bonnet and Hasan Kaytan
Chapter 2 By-Products From Jumbo Squid (Dosidicus gigas):
A New Source of Collagen Bio-Plasticizer? 19
Josafat Marina Ezquerra-Brauer, Mario Hiram Uriarte-Montoya,
Joe Luis Arias-Moscoso and Maribel Plascencia-Jatomea
Chapter 3 Pharmaceutically Used Plasticizers 45
Eva Snejdrova and Milan Dittrich
Chapter 4 Pharmaceutical Applications of Plasticized Polymers 69
Eva Snejdrova and Milan Dittrich
Chapter 5 Plasticizers in Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems 91
Sevgi Güngör, M. Sedef Erdal and Yıldız Özsoy
Chapter 6 Plasticizers and Their Role in
Membrane Selective Electrodes 113
Mohsen M. Zareh
Chapter 7 Use of Plasticizers for Electrochemical Sensors 125
Cristina Mihali and Nora Vaum
Chapter 8 The Effect of Concentration and Type of Plasticizer
on the Mechanical Properties of Cellulose Acetate
Butyrate Organic-Inorganic Hybrids 141
Patrycja Wojciechowska
Chapter 9 Characterization of High Molecular Weight
Poly(vinyl chloride) – Lithium Tetraborate
Electrolyte Plasticized by Propylene Carbonate 165
Ramesh T. Subramaniam, Liew Chiam-Wen,
Lau Pui Yee and Ezra Morris
VI Contents
Chapter 10 Health Risk Assessment of Plasticizer in Wastewater
Effluents and Receiving Freshwater Systems 191
Olalekan Fatoki, Olanrewaju Olujimi,
James Odendaal and Bettina Genthe
Preface
Plasticizers are a class of materials which are added not only to plastics but to cement,
clay, concrete, wallboard, etc., to increase the process-ability, flexibility and durability,
and of course to reduce the cost in many cases. This book deals with the plasticizers
used in plastic, electrochemical, environmental, and health sectors.
This edition is comprised of 10 chapters. Without plasticizers, it is very hard to get the
desirable properties in polymers. However, they, mainly phthalate plasticizers, pose
serious threat to environment and health. Taking these concerns into account, the last
few decades have seen tremendous efforts in finding non-toxic, low cost, and effective
alternatives of the existing plasticizers. In this regard, the first chapter introduces the
scientific community to an innovative and breakthrough technology in the field of
PVC plasticizers, by discussing in detail about FlexidoneTM plasticizers; free from
physiological concerns. Saving our nature and caring for the environment is highly
desirable. Hopefully, chapter 2 will be very interesting to the readers as it provides a
detailed information about a new source of Collagen based bio-plasticizers that can be
obtained from discarded materials from a natural source; Jumbo Squid (Dosidicus gigas).
The third chapter is about pharmaceutically used plasticizers. Authors have discussed
in significant detail about the types, roles, nature, selection criterion, etc., of
plasticizers for pharmaceutical applications. In chapter four, the authors have
presented the use of plasticized polymers in pharmaceutical/bio-fields, including, as
coatings and films of pharmaceutical dosage forms, membranes for transdermal drug
delivery systems, in-situ implants, matrix polymer systems, and bio-adhesives.
Transdermal drug delivery method is one of the non-destructive methods of drug
administration. In chapter 5, authors have enlightened us about various aspects of
plasticizers and transdermal drug delivery systems including the role and
effectiveness of plasticizers in these systems, compositions and types of these systems,
and the current developments related to transdermal formulations.
In the last few decades, the ion-selective electrodes/electrochemical sensors have
been widely studied and applied in various analytical projects. The electrodes based
on plastics are one of various types of electrodes, e.g. solid state electrodes, liquid
membrane electrodes, and gas membrane electrodes. Plasticizers are one of the
X Preface
major components of these plastic membranes. Chapters 6 and 7 discuss roles of
plasticizers for the same.
Conventional liquid electrolytes have few drawbacks including leakage of hazardous
liquids or gases, formation of lithium dendrite, electrolytic degradation of electrolyte,
and exhibiting short-term stability due to the evaporation of the liquid phase in the
cells. To address this issue, in chapter 8, authors have discussed the preparation and
characterization of high molecular weight poly(vinyl chloride)–lithium tetraborate
electrolyte, a solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs), plasticized by propylene carbonate.
The effect of concentration, and type of plasticizers (phthalate and non-phthalate
based), on the mechanical properties of cellulose acetate butyrate organic-inorganic
hybrids synthesized via sol-gel is presented in chapter 9. The author has presented
tributhyl citrate (TBC) and triethyl 2-acetylcitrate (TEA) as an alternative to phthalate
based plasticizers. The last chapter is very important which deals with drawbacks of
plasticizers. Authors discussed the health risk assessment of phthalate esters in
wastewater effluents and receiving freshwater systems.
This book is the result of hard work and dedication of the authors who tried their best
to present the latest information and shared their experience in the field. The timely
support from publishing process managers are thankfully acknowledged. The very
friendly behavior, support, encouragement and the lively environment provided by
the departmental colleagues, more specifically the Chairman of the Chemical
Engineering Department, King Saud University, is gratefully acknowledged.
Mohammad Luqman
Assistant Professor
Chemical Engineering Department,
College of Engineering, King Saud University,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
