Table Of ContentHealth Related Effects of Phyllosilicates
NATO ASI Series
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Series G: Ecological Sciences Vol. 21
Health Related Effects
of Phyllosilicates
Edited by
Jean Bignon
INSERM Unite 139, CHU Henri Mondor
51, Avenue du Marechal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny
94010 Creteil Cedex, France
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Workshop on Health Related Effects of
Phyllosilicates held in Paris (France), March 16-18,1989
ISBN -13: 987-3-642-75126-4
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Health related effects of phyllosilicatesledited by Jean Bignon. p. cm.-(NATO ASI series. Series G, Ecological
sciences; no. 21) "Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Workshop held in Paris, France, March 16-18, 1989"
Copr. p.
ISBN -13 987-3-642-75126-4 e-ISBN -13 987-3-642-75124-0
001 10.1007/987-3-642-75124-0
1. Phyllosilicates-Toxicology-Congresses. 2. Lungs-Oust diseases-Congresses. I. Bignon, Jean.
II. Series. RA1231.P52H43 1990 615.9'25683-dc20 90-9934
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990
2131/3140-543210 - Printed on acid-free-paper
PREFACE
Considerable progress in understanding how inhaled
minerals cause disease in man has been made in the past two
decades. This is mostly due to the great amount of human, animal
and cell multidisciplinary studies carried out on silica, asbestos and
asbestiforms all around the world.
Two previous NATO Workshops on "In Vitro Effects of
Mineral Dusts on Cells", have been published in the NATO ASI
Series (1985 and 1989). The present NATO-INSERM workshop has
focused specifically on a group of silicates, named phyllosilicates
because of their sheet structure, of which health related effects have
been poorly and sporadically investigated. These silicates are
presently largely used as filling materials (kaolin, talc, chlorite),
insulating materials (vermiculite, micas), adsorbants (sepiolite,
attapulgite) and in many other industrial applications. The
estimated annual world production is presently 5.5 million tons of
talc (1.8 million for Europe) and only in the United Kingdom about
3.5 million tons of kaolin.
Three of these minerals, talc, attapulgite, sepiolite have
been evaluated for the carcinogenic risk by a group of experts of the
International Agency for Research on Cancer in 1986 (lARC
Monograph on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals
to humans. N° 42, 1987). However, so far the phyllosilicates have not
been examined as a group in order to compare the toxicity of the
different species when inhaled by humans at their place of work and
in the domestic or general environment.
VI
Therefore, this first international NATO-INSERM
workshop was designed to initiate such an evaluation by combining
human, animal and cellular data. The best experts in the field of
mineral toxicology have been gathered altogether. We hope that they
will succeed in classifying phyllosilicates according to their toxicity
for humans, regarding pneumoconiosis and respiratory cancer
risk. These health related effects will also be discussed according to
the specificity of the minerals themselves or to possible
contaminants, such as asbestos or iron oxides. This will provide a
scientific basis for establishing control limit values at place of work,
valuable for most of the NATO industrialized countries.
Jean BIGNON
Chairman: J. BIGNON (France)
Organizing committee :
P. BROCHARD (France) A LUMBROSO (France)
G. CHIAPPINO (Italy) J.C. Mc DONALD (UK)
J.E. CRAIGHEAD (USA) W.K.C. MORGAN (Canada)
R.O.FELIUS (Netherlands) H.W. SCHLIPKOTER (FRG)
M.C. JAURAND (France) P. SEBASTIEN (France)
A. LANGER (USA) M. TURPIN (France)
The workshop was sponsored by the ARW Program of the NORTH ATLANTIC
TREATY ORGANIZATION under the directorship of Dr Craig SINCLAIR and
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA SANTE ET DE LA RECHERCHE MEDICALE.
A number of other organizations contributed financially to the workshop and
deserve special mention. These include :
- Ministere de l'Environnement (France)
- Ministere de la Recherche et Technologie (programme Technologie, Emploi,
Travail)
-Ministere du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Formation Professionnelle.
- CERCHAR (Centre d'Etude et de Recherche des Charbonnages, France)
- Industries (Scientific Association of European Talc Industry, Rhone Poulenc),
France
and under the patronage of Societe de Pneumologie de Langue Fran~aise.
VIII
The chairman and the organizing committee wish to thank Ms C. Vaslin who
was in charge of the entire workshop secretariat with the help of Mrs J.
Beaurain and C. Benard. Mrs Vaslin contributed to the editing work of these
proceedings.
Finally, we thank Springer-Verlag for their interest in publishing these
proceedings and for the excellent printing.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I - PHYSICO-CHEMISTRY OF NON FIBROUS PHYLLOSILICATES
1. RO. Felius : The mineralogy of phyllosilicates........................... 3
2. A. Meunier, J.H. Thomassin, A. Decarreau : Geological
occurrence of phyllosilicates. Application to kaolinite,
talc, sepiolite and palygorskite deposits ................................ 15
3. G.M. Clarke: Phyllosilicates as industrial minerals ................... 31
4. H. Pezerat : Surface properties of phyllosilicates ......................... 47
5. A.M. Langer, RP. Nolan, F.D. Pooley: Phyllosilicates :
associated fibrous minerals.......... ....................... ............ ......... 59'
6 K. Rodelsperger, B. Brockel, R Patrzich, F. Pott,
H.J. Woitowitz : Concentrations of fibres in phyllosilicates .......... 75
7. U.M. Schenk, P. Golob, H. Kolmer: Talc. A morphological
study on pseudomorphs... ........................ ............ ............... 85
8 S.B. Schyma : The physical characterization of muscovite
and kaolinite dusts............ .................... ................ ............. 97
9 A. Marconi, U. Verdel : Asbestos content of tales from
italian mines and fibre concentration in various
commercial talcum powders used in Italy ........................... 107
10. E. Moulin, P. De Vuyst, J.C. Yernault : Occurrence of
Phyllosilicates in tobacco ................................................... 117
11. J. Rosmanith, W. Hilscher, S.B. Schyma : The effect of the
surface quality on the fibrogenicity of the phyllosilicates
muscovite and kaolinite...................... .............. .......... ....... 123
12. D. Costa, J. Guignard, H. Pezerat : Oxidizing surface
properties of divalent iron-rich phyllosilicates in relation
to their toxicity by oxidative stress mechanism. ................... 129
13. G. Larsen: Solubility and surface properties of talc in a
physiological fluid. Results of in vitro experiments
at 37°C ............................................................................ 135
14. J. Ferret, P. Moreau: Mineralogy of talc deposits ....................... 147
x
II - CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF HEALTH
EFFECTS AFTER OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE.
1. P. Cullinan, J.C. Mc Donald: Respiratory disease
from occupational exposure to non-fibrous
phyllosilicates................................................................. 161
2. J.E. Craighead: Pathological features of pulmonary
disease due to silicate dust inhalation. .............................. 179
3. W.KC. Morgan, A. Donner, I.T.H. Higgins,
M.G. Pearson, W. Rawlings, Jr : Clinical aspects of kaolin
pneumoconiosis............................................................... 191
4. P. Leophonte, A. Didier : French talc pneumoconiosis ............... 203
5. G. Chiappino, G. Rivolta, A Todaro, E. Trillo,
A. Forni : Talc pneumoconiosis in Italy. ............................. 211
6. AR. Gibbs: Human pathology of kaolin and mica
pneumoconioses............................................................... 217
7. G.K Sluis-Cremer, P.A. Hessel: Palabora vermiculite .............. 227
III -HEALTH RELATED EFFECTS AFTER NON OCCUPATIONAL
EXPOSURE
1. C. Boutin, J.R. Viallat : Talc: its cosmetic, addictive
and therapeutic uses and their effects on health. ................. 237
2. J.C. Pairon, M.C. Jaurand, A Gaudichet, P. Brochard
J. Bignon : Therapeutic and domestic uses of
attapulgite and sepiolite................................................... 249
3. P.L. Kalliomaki, O. Taikina-aho, P. Paakko,
S. J. Sivonen, K Kalliomaki : Lung retained
minerals correlated with smoking, emphysema
and lung cancer .............................................................. 265
4. L. Paoletti, M. Falchi, D. Batisti, M.P. Carrieri,
M.G. Petrelli, C. Ciallella, G. Donelli : Mineral
particulate in the lung parenchyma of subjects
not occupationally exposed to dust. ..................................... 273
