Health Effects of Ambient Air Pollution: How safe is the air we breathe?

260 Pages·2000·7.03 MB·English

by  Jane Q. Koenig (auth.)

HEALTH EFFECTS OF
AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION
HEALTH EFFECTS OF
AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION
How safe is the air we breathe?
Jane Q. Koenig
University of Washington.
U.S.A .
....
"
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
a.
Koenig, Jane
Health effects of ambient air pollution : how safe is the air we breathe? / Jane
Q. Koenig
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4613-7063-5 ISBN 978-1-4615-4569-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-4569-9
1. Air--Pollution--Health aspects. 2. Asthma--Environmental aspects.
1. Title.
RA576.K5251999
615.9'02--dc21 99-048297
Copyright © 2000 by Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 2000
AII rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, photo
copying, record ing, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the
publisher, Springer Science+Business Media, LLC.
Printed on acid-free paper.
To Marci and Nathan
Contents
Abbreviations xiii
List of figures xv
List of tables XXI
Acknowledgements xxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction: Scope of the book 1
Chapter 2 Structure of the respiratory system 5
Upper respiratory system 6
Lower respiratory system 8
Gas-exchange area 12
Cell types in the lung 13
Nervous innervation 13
Structural components 14
Conclusion 14
References 15
Chapter 3 Physiology of the respiratory system 17
Lung function 17
Nasal function 26
References 28
Chapter 4 Properties and sources of common
ambient air pollutants 29
Sulfurous versus photochemical
air pollutants 29
Criteria air pollutants 31
Carbon monoxide 33
Sulfur dioxide 34
Nitrogen dioxide 36
Particulate matter 37
Ozone 44
Hazardous air pollutants 45
Conclusions 47
References 48
viii
Chapter 5 Exposure assessment 49
Biomarkers 56
References 59
Chapter 6 Inhalation exposure technologies 61
References 67
Chapter 7 Methods of assessment of pollutant-induced
health effects 69
Animal toxicology and in vitro systems 70
Controlled human studies 71
Epidemiologic studies 73
Biomarkers 78
Polymorphisms 79
Conclusion 81
References 83
Chapter 8 Asthma: A special case of susceptibility to air
pollution 85
Definition and diagnoses 85
Natural history 87
Atopy 88
Morbidity and mortality rates 88
Biomarkers of inflammation: Cells 89
Biomarkers of inflammation: Mediators 91
Diet and asthma 93
Genetics of asthma 93
Economic burden 94
Fatal asthma 94
References 96
Chapter 9 Health effects of sulfur oxides: Sulfur dioxide
and sulfuric acid 99
Sulfur dioxide: controlled human
exposure studies 99
Epidemiologic studies 106
Sulfuric acid: Controlled studies 107
Epidemiology 109
Conclusion 111
References 112
ix
Chapter 10 Health effects of particulate matter 115
Deposition 115
Clearance 117
EPA NAAQS for PM 117
Health effects of PM 118
PM and cardiovascular disease 129
Chronic effects 130
Policy concerns and research needs 131
Conclusion 134
References 135
Chapter 11 Health effects of ozone 139
Upper airway effects 144
Lower airway effects 144
Epidemiological studies 155
Future research needs 158
References 159
Chapter 12 Health effects of nitrogen dioxide 165
Deposition/uptake 166
Controlled human studies 166
Upper airway effects 166
Lower airway effects 166
Pharmacologic/antioxidant interventions 168
Infectivity 169
Susceptible populations 171
Epidemiology 172
Conclusions 177
References 178
Chapter 13 Health effects of carbon monoxide 181
Exposure assessment 182
Health effects of CO 183
Controlled studies 183
Epidemiologic studies 184
Conclusion 185
References 187
x
Chapter 14 Health effects of the hazardous air pollutants 189
Health effects of "air toxies" 189
Controlled human studies 190
Epidemiolog ical studies 191
References 193
Chapter 15 Health effects of indoor air pollution 195
Indoor air pollution sources 196
Exposure assessments: man-made 197
TEAM study 201
Indoor/outdoor ratios 202
Health effects of indoor pollutants:
man-made 203
Natural indoor air pollutants 205
Control of natural indoor pollutants 209
Sick Building Syndrome 209
Conclusion 210
References 211
Chapter 16 Interactions between climate change and
air pollution 213
Climate change and human health 215
Climate change, temperature, and
air pollution 218
Other possible consequences of
climate change 219
Conclusions 222
References 223
Chapter 17 Risk assessment for air pollutants 225
Basic definitions 226
Perception of risk 228
Examples of risk assessments for
air pollutants 229
Risk management 231
Risk communication 232
Strengthening the foundation of
risk assessment 233
References 235
xi
Chapter 18 Standard setting for air pollutants 237
Definition of an adverse effect 237
Standard setting process of NAAQS 240
Limitations of process for NAAQS 240
NAAQS for PM: an example 241
Chapter 19 Conclusions and future directions 245
Index 247
ABBREVIATIONS
AM Alveolar macrophage
BAL Bronchioalveolar lavage
BHR Bronchial hyperresponsiveness
CAA Clean Air Act
CFCs Chlorofluorocarbons
CO Carbon monoxide
COHb Carboxyhemoglobin
COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Em Exercise-induced bronchospasm
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ETS Environmental tobacco smoke
FEF Forced expiratory flow in the mid portion of a FVC
2S_7S
maneuver, from 25-75%
FEV Forced expiratory volume in one second
t
FVC Forced vital capacity
HAPs Hazardous air pollutants
H+ Hydrogen ion
H S0 Sulfuric acid
2 4
ICAM Intercellular adhesion molecule-l
IgE Immunoglobulin E
IL Interleukin; there are many forms -1 through -13
INFy Interferon gamma
LDH Lactose dehydrogenase
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
N0 Nitrogen dioxide
2
PAF Platelet activating factor
PFTs Pulmonary function tests
PM Particulate matter
PM Particulate matter less than or equal to 10 micrometers
10
PM Particulate matter between the sizes of 2.5 and 10
cF
micrometers
PM Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.6 micrometers
2.S
Pb Lead
ppb Parts per billion
ppm Parts per million
Raw Resistance of the airways